Final Flashcards
1
Q
What are the major secretions?
A
Salivary Glands Gastric Glands Intestinal Epithelium Pancreas Gallbladder
2
Q
What secretes automatically?
A
Intestinal Epithelium
3
Q
What does the Myenteric plexus do?
A
movement in intestine
4
Q
What does the Meissener Plexus?
A
Secretion
5
Q
What are the 4 types of diarrhea?
A
Osmotic
Secretory
Exudative
Increased Motility
6
Q
Which form of Hepatitis is transmitted enterically?
A
HAV
7
Q
Which form of Hepatitis co-infects with another?
A
HDV
8
Q
Which form of Hepatitis is transmitted fecal, orally, or parentarially?
A
HEV
9
Q
What regulates the Pituitary gland?
A
Hypothalamus
10
Q
What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary?
A
Somatotrope Lactotrope Gonadotrope Corticotrope Thyroidtrope
(S)ing (L)oud (G)od (C)omes (T)hrough
11
Q
What produces LH & FSH?
A
Gonadotrope
12
Q
What produces prolactin?
A
Lactotrope
13
Q
What produces growth hormon?
A
Somatotrope
14
Q
What produces ACTH?
A
Corticotropes
15
Q
What produces TSH?
A
Thyroidtropes
16
Q
What does the posterior pituitary gland secrete?
A
ADH & Oxytocin
17
Q
What are the the direct effects of GH?
A
increase blood sugar
18
Q
What are the indirect effects of GH?
A
Increase liver metabolsim
Bone formation
Decrease fat mass
Increase muscle mass
19
Q
The blockage of dopamine can causes?
A
Gynecomastia
20
Q
What is the function of gastrin?
A
Release of histamine
21
Q
What are the lipid soluble hormones?
A
Thyroid hormones & steriod
22
Q
What are the water soluble hormones?
A
Peptide & Tyrosine-derived catecholamines
23
Q
What do lipid soluble hormones do?
A
activate intracellular receptors
24
Q
What are steriods made of?
A
Cholesterol
25
What do water soluble hormones bind to?
Cell surface receptors
26
Where are peptides stored?
Vesicles
27
How are catecholamines formed?
By enzymes inside of cytoplasm
28
What forms dopamine, norepinephrine, & epinephrine?
Catecholamine
29
What causes a small amount of hormones to create a big effect?
Signal Amplification
30
What is up regulation?
Low hormone levels for a long period of time
31
What are high hormone levels for a long period of time?
Down regulation
32
What is the primary mechanism for controlling hormones?
Negative Feedback
33
Stimulated by low glucose?
GHRH
34
What is the primary target of GH?
The liver
35
What does prolactin suppress?
Gonadotropes
36
What is dopamine?
Prolactin inhibitory factor
37
What stimulates cortisol & androgens?
ACTH
38
What is TSH inhibited by?
Concentration of circulating T3
39
What hormones are secreted by the cortex?
```
Glucocorticoid (cortisol)
Mineralcorticoid (aldosterone)
Sex steroids (Androgen)
```
40
What hormones does the medulla secrete?
Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
41
What increases calcium?
Parathyroid Hormone
42
What does primary disorder involve?
Endocrine gland
43
What does secondary disorder involve?
Pituitary gland
44
What diarrhea is mostly water?
Osmotic
45
What are the forms liver disease?
Hepatocellular Failure & Portal Hypertension
46
What percentage of T3 is in the blood?
10%
47
What does the cortex secrete?
Steroids
48
What do Glucocorticoid do?
1. Counteracts insulin which increases blood glucose
2. Reduces bone formation
3. Increases lipolysis
49
What causes sodium retention and potassium excretion
Mineralcorticoid (Aldosterone)
50
What causes Addison disease?
ACTH deficiency
51
What does Addison disease cause?
Hyperpigmentation
Hyperkalemia
Hypoglycemia
52
What are high levels of ACTH?
Primary Addison Disease
53
What are low levels of ACTH?
Secondary Addison Disease
54
What is Addisonian Crisis?
Life threatening condition caused by insufficiency of glucocorticoids & mieralocorticoids
55
What is the enlargement of adrenal gland?
Congenital Adreanl Hyperplasia
| Adrogenital Syndrome
56
What are mineralocorticoid (aldosterone) regulated by?
Renin angiotensin system
57
What is the relay center of the brain?
Thalamus
58
What are the parts of the brain stem?
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
Midbrain
59
What are the two types brain cells?
neurons
| Glial cells
60
What are the 4 types of Glial cells?
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Epemdymal cells
Micro glia cells
61
What goes up the Epsilateral side?
Touch pressure & vibration
62
What goes up the Contralateral side?
Pain, itch, & temprature
| Pit
63
What is a primary brain injury?
Trauma
64
What is a secondary brain injury?
Progressive Damage
65
How much CSF is produced daily?
500 ml
66
How much CSF is circulating in an adult at anygiven moment?
150 ml
67
What does the Blood brain barier do?
Separate bodily blood from brain blood
68
What forms the Blood brain barier?
Astrocytes
69
What is Ischemia?
Decreased blood flow
70
What is hypoxia?
Low oxygen
71
How long can your brain go without oxygen without irreversible brain damage?
5-10 minutes
72
What can cause herniation of the brain?
Increased intracrainal pressure
73
What are the levels on the glassgow sclae that determine consiousness?
Mild 12-15
Moderate 9-12
sever less than 8
74
What is a polar injury?
accelration/deceleration injury
| double injury
75
Stroke is the ___ leading cause of death.
8th
76
What is the most common form of stroke?
Ischemic
77
What is a transient ischemic attack? (TIA)
acute stroke
78
What are the two types of ishemic stroke?
Thrombotic & Embolic storke
79
What is Thrombotic stroke caused by?
Clogging of blood vessels
80
What is Embolic stroke caused by?
Cardiac dysfunction
Dysrhythmia
Atrial fibrillation
81
What does damage to Broca's area cause?
Broca's aphasia
82
How can you tell an aneurysm is about to happen?
Sudden sharp headache
83
Encephalitis is
usually viral
84
What is Alzheimer characterized by?
Amyloid plaques
85
What medication is given for severe Alzheimer's Disease?
NMDA receptor antagonist
(namenda)
Blocks stimulation by glutamate
86
What medication is given for mild /moderate Alzheimer's disease?
ACH erase
87
What causes Parkinson's Disease?
Dopamine deficiency in basal ganglia
88
What is akinesia?
Loss of voluntary movement
89
What motor neuron does cerebral palsy effect?
Upper motor neurons
90
What is Hydrosuphalus?
increase volume CSF
91
What is Multiple Sclerosis?
Chronic demylinating of CNS
92
What is the age onset of multiple sclerosis?
20-50
93
Who is affected more by multiple sclerosis?
women
94
What is Amyotrophic Lateral Scelrosis (ALS)
| AKA Lougehrig disease
progressive disease effecting both upper & lower motor neurons
95
What is spinal shock?
Temporary loss of reflexes below level of injury
96
What is Guillain-Barre Syndrome?
Demylinating disease of PNS & lower motor neuron disorder
97
What causes paralysis of muscles on one side of the face?
Bell Palsy
98
How long does Bell Palsy last?
3 weeks
99
What is Myopia?
light focused infront of retina
100
What is hyperopia?
Light focused behind retina
101
What is Strabismus
Crosseyed
102
What are Cataracs?
Cloudy eyes
103
What is the treatment for cataracs?
Surgery
104
What is Glaucoma?
tunnel vision
105
What does Glaucoma cause?
Blocks outflow of aquecus humor
| Increases intraocular pressure
