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Patho 2 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major secretions?

A 
Salivary Glands
Gastric Glands
Intestinal Epithelium 
Pancreas
Gallbladder
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2
Q

What secretes automatically?

A

Intestinal Epithelium

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3
Q

What does the Myenteric plexus do?

A

movement in intestine

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4
Q

What does the Meissener Plexus?

A

Secretion

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5
Q

What are the 4 types of diarrhea?

A

Osmotic
Secretory
Exudative
Increased Motility

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6
Q

Which form of Hepatitis is transmitted enterically?

A

HAV

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7
Q

Which form of Hepatitis co-infects with another?

A

HDV

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8
Q

Which form of Hepatitis is transmitted fecal, orally, or parentarially?

A

HEV

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9
Q

What regulates the Pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamus

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10
Q

What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary?

A 
Somatotrope
Lactotrope
Gonadotrope
Corticotrope
Thyroidtrope
(S)ing 
(L)oud 
(G)od 
(C)omes 
(T)hrough
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11
Q

What produces LH & FSH?

A

Gonadotrope

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12
Q

What produces prolactin?

A

Lactotrope

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13
Q

What produces growth hormon?

A

Somatotrope

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14
Q

What produces ACTH?

A

Corticotropes

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15
Q

What produces TSH?

A

Thyroidtropes

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16
Q

What does the posterior pituitary gland secrete?

A

ADH & Oxytocin

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17
Q

What are the the direct effects of GH?

A

increase blood sugar

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18
Q

What are the indirect effects of GH?

A

Increase liver metabolsim
Bone formation
Decrease fat mass
Increase muscle mass

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19
Q

The blockage of dopamine can causes?

A

Gynecomastia

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20
Q

What is the function of gastrin?

A

Release of histamine

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21
Q

What are the lipid soluble hormones?

A

Thyroid hormones & steriod

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22
Q

What are the water soluble hormones?

A

Peptide & Tyrosine-derived catecholamines

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23
Q

What do lipid soluble hormones do?

A

activate intracellular receptors

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24
Q

What are steriods made of?

A

Cholesterol

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25
Q

What do water soluble hormones bind to?

A

Cell surface receptors

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26
Q

Where are peptides stored?

A

Vesicles

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27
Q

How are catecholamines formed?

A

By enzymes inside of cytoplasm

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28
Q

What forms dopamine, norepinephrine, & epinephrine?

A

Catecholamine

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29
Q

What causes a small amount of hormones to create a big effect?

A

Signal Amplification

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30
Q

What is up regulation?

A

Low hormone levels for a long period of time

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31
Q

What are high hormone levels for a long period of time?

A

Down regulation

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32
Q

What is the primary mechanism for controlling hormones?

A

Negative Feedback

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33
Q

Stimulated by low glucose?

A

GHRH

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34
Q

What is the primary target of GH?

A

The liver

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35
Q

What does prolactin suppress?

A

Gonadotropes

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36
Q

What is dopamine?

A

Prolactin inhibitory factor

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37
Q

What stimulates cortisol & androgens?

A

ACTH

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38
Q

What is TSH inhibited by?

A

Concentration of circulating T3

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39
Q

What hormones are secreted by the cortex?

A 
Glucocorticoid (cortisol)
Mineralcorticoid (aldosterone)
Sex steroids (Androgen)
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40
Q

What hormones does the medulla secrete?

A

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

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41
Q

What increases calcium?

A

Parathyroid Hormone

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42
Q

What does primary disorder involve?

A

Endocrine gland

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43
Q

What does secondary disorder involve?

A

Pituitary gland

44
Q

What diarrhea is mostly water?

A

Osmotic

45
Q

What are the forms liver disease?

A

Hepatocellular Failure & Portal Hypertension

46
Q

What percentage of T3 is in the blood?

A

10%

47
Q

What does the cortex secrete?

A

Steroids

48
Q

What do Glucocorticoid do?

A
  1. Counteracts insulin which increases blood glucose
  2. Reduces bone formation
  3. Increases lipolysis
49
Q

What causes sodium retention and potassium excretion

A

Mineralcorticoid (Aldosterone)

50
Q

What causes Addison disease?

A

ACTH deficiency

51
Q

What does Addison disease cause?

A

Hyperpigmentation
Hyperkalemia
Hypoglycemia

52
Q

What are high levels of ACTH?

A

Primary Addison Disease

53
Q

What are low levels of ACTH?

A

Secondary Addison Disease

54
Q

What is Addisonian Crisis?

A

Life threatening condition caused by insufficiency of glucocorticoids & mieralocorticoids

55
Q

What is the enlargement of adrenal gland?

A

Congenital Adreanl Hyperplasia

Adrogenital Syndrome

56
Q

What are mineralocorticoid (aldosterone) regulated by?

A

Renin angiotensin system

57
Q

What is the relay center of the brain?

A

Thalamus

58
Q

What are the parts of the brain stem?

A

Pons
Medulla Oblongata
Midbrain

59
Q

What are the two types brain cells?

A

neurons

Glial cells

60
Q

What are the 4 types of Glial cells?

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Epemdymal cells
Micro glia cells

61
Q

What goes up the Epsilateral side?

A

Touch pressure & vibration

62
Q

What goes up the Contralateral side?

A

Pain, itch, & temprature

Pit

63
Q

What is a primary brain injury?

A

Trauma

64
Q

What is a secondary brain injury?

A

Progressive Damage

65
Q

How much CSF is produced daily?

A

500 ml

66
Q

How much CSF is circulating in an adult at anygiven moment?

A

150 ml

67
Q

What does the Blood brain barier do?

A

Separate bodily blood from brain blood

68
Q

What forms the Blood brain barier?

A

Astrocytes

69
Q

What is Ischemia?

A

Decreased blood flow

70
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Low oxygen

71
Q

How long can your brain go without oxygen without irreversible brain damage?

A

5-10 minutes

72
Q

What can cause herniation of the brain?

A

Increased intracrainal pressure

73
Q

What are the levels on the glassgow sclae that determine consiousness?

A

Mild 12-15
Moderate 9-12
sever less than 8

74
Q

What is a polar injury?

A

accelration/deceleration injury

double injury

75
Q

Stroke is the ___ leading cause of death.

A

8th

76
Q

What is the most common form of stroke?

A

Ischemic

77
Q

What is a transient ischemic attack? (TIA)

A

acute stroke

78
Q

What are the two types of ishemic stroke?

A

Thrombotic & Embolic storke

79
Q

What is Thrombotic stroke caused by?

A

Clogging of blood vessels

80
Q

What is Embolic stroke caused by?

A

Cardiac dysfunction
Dysrhythmia
Atrial fibrillation

81
Q

What does damage to Broca’s area cause?

A

Broca’s aphasia

82
Q

How can you tell an aneurysm is about to happen?

A

Sudden sharp headache

83
Q

Encephalitis is

A

usually viral

84
Q

What is Alzheimer characterized by?

A

Amyloid plaques

85
Q

What medication is given for severe Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

NMDA receptor antagonist
(namenda)
Blocks stimulation by glutamate

86
Q

What medication is given for mild /moderate Alzheimer’s disease?

A

ACH erase

87
Q

What causes Parkinson’s Disease?

A

Dopamine deficiency in basal ganglia

88
Q

What is akinesia?

A

Loss of voluntary movement

89
Q

What motor neuron does cerebral palsy effect?

A

Upper motor neurons

90
Q

What is Hydrosuphalus?

A

increase volume CSF

91
Q

What is Multiple Sclerosis?

A

Chronic demylinating of CNS

92
Q

What is the age onset of multiple sclerosis?

A

20-50

93
Q

Who is affected more by multiple sclerosis?

A

women

94
Q

What is Amyotrophic Lateral Scelrosis (ALS)

AKA Lougehrig disease

A

progressive disease effecting both upper & lower motor neurons

95
Q

What is spinal shock?

A

Temporary loss of reflexes below level of injury

96
Q

What is Guillain-Barre Syndrome?

A

Demylinating disease of PNS & lower motor neuron disorder

97
Q

What causes paralysis of muscles on one side of the face?

A

Bell Palsy

98
Q

How long does Bell Palsy last?

A

3 weeks

99
Q

What is Myopia?

A

light focused infront of retina

100
Q

What is hyperopia?

A

Light focused behind retina

101
Q

What is Strabismus

A

Crosseyed

102
Q

What are Cataracs?

A

Cloudy eyes

103
Q

What is the treatment for cataracs?

A

Surgery

104
Q

What is Glaucoma?

A

tunnel vision

105
Q

What does Glaucoma cause?

A

Blocks outflow of aquecus humor

Increases intraocular pressure

Patho 2 (5 decks)

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