Exam 4 Flashcards
1
Q
What makes up 94% of the matrix?
A
Type 1 Collagen
2
Q
What are osteocytes?
A
Bone cell
3
Q
What percentage does water make of bone?
A
10%
4
Q
What are the three components of bone?
A
Organic Matrix
Minerals (calcium &phosphorus)
Water
5
Q
What are the minerals of bone?
A
Calcium & phosphorus
6
Q
What is the basic bone unit?
A
Osteon
Haversian System
7
Q
How can bacteria reach the bone
A
Blood stream (most common) adjacent tissue Direct introduction
8
Q
What are the bone types?
A
Cancellous (spongy/soft)
Cortical (Hard)
9
Q
What is ther Periosteum?
A
Material that covers all bones
Does not cover the ends
10
Q
What is the Epiphyseal plate
A
Line where bone grows
11
Q
What happens if you fracture the Epiphyseal plate?
A
Can cause length discrepancy
12
Q
What are the stages of bone healing?
A
Hematoma formation Fibrocartilage formation Callus Formation Ossification Consolidation / remodeling
Hard Fruit Comes Out Crusty
13
Q
What are the joint types?
A
Synarthroses
Diarthroses
14
Q
What are the synarthroses joints?
A
Fibrous joint
Cartilaginous joint
Synchondrosis joint
15
Q
What are the diarthroses joints?
A
Uniaxial joints
Biaxial joints
Triaxial joints
16
Q
What are synovial joints?
A
Diarthroses joints
Joints that allow movement
17
Q
What cells create bone?
A
Osteoblast
B = Build
18
Q
What cells breakdown bone?
A
Osteoclast
C= Collapse
19
Q
What are osteoprogenitor cells?
A
Stem cell for osteoblast
20
Q
What is the function of synovial fluid?
A
to lubricate the joints
21
Q
What percentage of cartilage does water make up?
A
> 70%
22
Q
What does collagen fiber do in articular cartilage?
A
Provide Stability stregnth & Tensile stiffness
tolerate tension
23
Q
What does proteoglycan aggression do?
A
Provide compression tolerance
Structural rigidity
24
Q
Which contains more collagen tendons or ligaments?
A
Tendons
25
What percentage of body weight does the skeletal muscles make up?
40%
26
What percentage of body weight does the smooth cardiac muscle make up?
10%
27
What is a crossbridge?
Myosin head binds to actin beads
28
What is required for the contraction of one muscle unit?
1 molecule of ATP
29
What is muscle contraction dependent on?
Calcium
30
What covers the binding sights of actin?
Tropomyosin
31
What does the binding of ATP to myosin cause?
The release of actin
32
What are the most common pathogens found with bone infection?
Staphylococcus aureus
| Streptococcus Pneumoniae
33
What is osteomyelitis?
Severe pyogenic infection of bone and local tissue (muscles)
34
Where does osteomyelitis mostly take place?
In long bones
Center of bone
Cortical
35
What is sequestra?
pieces of dead bone separated from healthy bone
36
What is involucrum?
New bone growing over sequestra
37
What is scoliosis?
Lateral curvature of spine
| s/c shape
38
What are the types of scoliosis?
Nonstructural Scoliosis
| Structural Scoliosis
39
What is osteoporosis?
alteration of bone mass and structure
40
What causes osteoporosis?
Bone resorption > bone formation
41
What two diseases can cause osteoporosis?
Scurvy
| Cushing's disease
42
What is the main risk factor for osteoporosis?
Family history
43
What is the difference between Rickets & Osteomalacia?
Rickets occur in children
| Osteomalacia occur in adults
44
What are Rickets & Osteomalacia?
deficits in mineralization of newly formed bone matrix
45
What is Genu Valgum?
inward knees
| Knocked knees
46
What is Genu Varum?
Bow legged
47
What is the most common primary tumor of bone?
Multiple Myeloma
48
What is muscular dystrophy?
Progressive muscle weakness and degeneration
49
What is the most common muscular dystrophy?
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
50
What is Myasthenia Gravis?
Chronic Autoimmune disease
| Affects neuromuscular function of voluntary muscles
51
What is Arthritis?
Degenerative joint disorder
| Most common disabling musculoskeletal disorder
52
What is the most common arthritis?
Osteoarthritis
53
What is a bone spur?
When cartilage calciifies and there is more bone & less cartilage
54
What is joint effusion?
Fluid in joint capsule
55
Which form of Arthritis is bilateral?
Rheumatoid Arthritis
56
What are the stages of gout arthritis
1. Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia
2. Acute gout arthritis
3. Inter critical gout
4. Chronic Tophaceous gout
57
What is a progressive disease of diarthroidal joints?
Osteoarthritis
58
What causes genu valgum and genu varum?
Rickets & Osteomalacia
59
What are the stages of rheumatoid arthritis?
initial phase
inflammatory phase
destruction phase
60
What is the main problem of osteoarthritis?
Joint pain
61
How long does morning stiffness occur in osteoarthritis?
Less than 30 minutes
62
What is Hebreden?
Hand deformity affect the distal intraphalngial joint disorder (DIP)
63
What are Bouchard nodes?
Hand deformity affect the Proximal intraphalngial joint disorder (PIP)
64
What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Systemic Autoimmune inflammatory disease
65
What age does Rhematoid arthritis usually occur?
40-55 y/0
66
What age does arthritis usually occur?
18-64 y/o
67
What polpypeptide is unique to Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Anti-CCP (Anti-cyclic citrullinated polypeptide antibodies)
68
What is subluxation?
Partial dislocation
69
What happens in the destruction phase of rheumatoid arthritis?
Inflammation
Subluxations (partial dislocation)
Contractures (tightening of tissues around joints)
Deformities
70
What are some joint deformites in rheumatoid arthritis?
Swan neck
| Boutonniere
71
What joints are most commonly involved in rheumatoid arthritis?
Hands wrist knees and feet
72
What is Sjogren Syndrome?
Dry eyes & mouth
73
What causes gout?
Altered metabolic uric acid production
74
What joint is most often involved in gout?
Great toe
75
What stores mineral and marrow elements for forming new blood cells?
Skeletal System
76
What is Wolffs Law?
Bone is enhanced where needed; resorbed when not
77
How long do the five stages of healing last?
```
Hematoma formation (1 to 3 days)
Fibrocartilage formation (3 days to 2 weeks)
Callus formation (2 to 6 weeks)
Ossification (3 weeks to 6 months)
Consolidation/remodeling (6 weeks to 1 year)
```
78
What is a Gomphosis joint?
reflected by a peg in a hole
79
What is a Syndesmosis joint?
two bones joined by a ligament or interosseous membrane
80
What percent of body weight do the muscles make up
50%
40% skeletal muscle
10% smooth & cardiac
81
What is the composition of muscle?
```
Fiber (muscle Fier)
Sarcoelemma
endomysium
Fasciculi
perimysium
entire muscle
epimysium
(EMP Test)
```
82
What connects tendons to bones?
Sharpey fibers
83
What causes myosin to let go of actin?
Binding of ATP
84
What are the three ways organisms reach bone?
Blood stream
Adjacent Tissue
Direct introduction
85
What is Hematogenous osteomyelitis?
When bacteria reaches the bone through the blood stream
86
What is contiguous focus?
When bacteria reaches the bone through adjacent soft tissue
87
What is the most common way organisms reach the bone?
Blood stream
88
What T score would indicate osteopenia?
Between -1.0 & -2.5
89
What T score would indicate osteoporosis?
Less than or equal to -2.5
90
What are patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy deficient in?
Protein dystrophin
91
What causes painless muscle weakness?
Myasthenia Gravis
92
What affects neuromuscular function of voluntary muscles?
Myasthenia Gravis
93
What is Myasthenia Crisis?
Insufficient medication
Emotional Stress
Trauma
Infection surgery
94
What enzymes do chondrocytes release in osteoarthritis?
proteolytic & collagenolytic enzymes
95
What does the release of proteolytic & collagenolytic enzymes do?
Breakdown of the matrix of proteoglycan and collagen
96
What makes up the largest component of bone?
Minerals
97
What connects bone to bone?
Ligaments
98
What attaches muscle to bone?
Tendons
99
What do collagen cross-links do?
give stregnth to tissues and increase tolerance to mechanical stress
100
What controls tropomyosin position?
Troponin
101
What does does calcium do to troponin
Allows the movement of tropomyosin
102
What causes deficits in mineralization of newly formed bone matrix?
Vitamin D deficiency
103
What is predominant symptom of Multiple Myeloma?
Bone pain
104
How can you tell if someone has Multiple Myeloma?
Homogeneous immunoglobulin is present in urine and serum
105
How is muscular Dystrophy classified?
pattern of inheritance
age of onset
distribution of muscular weakness
106
Is Myasthenia Gravis more common in men or women?
Women
107
How does Myasthenia Gravis affect the neuromuscluar function of voluntary muscles?
destroys / blocks ACTH receptors
108
Which form of arthritis is noninflammatory?
Osteoarthritis
109
What causes progressive injury in osteoarthritis?
structural breakdown of cartilage
Osteophyte Spur formation
joint effusion
inflammation of synovial membrane
110
What triggers Rheumatoid Arthritis?
bacterial or viral antigen in genetically susceptible individuals
111
What happens in the inflammatory phase of Rheumatoid arthritis?
immune cells activate the complement
cytokines and othe immune mediators are produced
stimulate and spread inflammation in joint
112
What are rheumatoid nodules?
Lumps that form beneath the skin on affected joints
113
What is Brodie abscess?
Localized infection in bone
114
What is the main cause of osteomyelitis?
Staphylococcus aureus
115
Why is osteomyelitis difficult to manage?
Difficult to attain sufficient antibiotic concentration in bone tissue
116
What comes with Multiple Myeloma?
Hypercalcemia & severe back pain
117
Who does Duchenne muscular dystrophy affect?
Males
118
What is Myasthenia crisis?
An acute exacerbation of the disease
119
What ion is required for muscle contraction?
Calcium
120
What is the immediate source of energy for muscle contraction?
ATP
121
What causes Bouchard Nodes
Osteoarthritis
