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Patho 2 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up 94% of the matrix?

A

Type 1 Collagen

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2
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Bone cell

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3
Q

What percentage does water make of bone?

A

10%

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4
Q

What are the three components of bone?

A

Organic Matrix
Minerals (calcium &phosphorus)
Water

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5
Q

What are the minerals of bone?

A

Calcium & phosphorus

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6
Q

What is the basic bone unit?

A

Osteon

Haversian System

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7
Q

How can bacteria reach the bone

A 
Blood stream (most common)
adjacent tissue
Direct introduction
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8
Q

What are the bone types?

A

Cancellous (spongy/soft)

Cortical (Hard)

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9
Q

What is ther Periosteum?

A

Material that covers all bones

Does not cover the ends

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10
Q

What is the Epiphyseal plate

A

Line where bone grows

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11
Q

What happens if you fracture the Epiphyseal plate?

A

Can cause length discrepancy

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12
Q

What are the stages of bone healing?

A 
Hematoma formation 
Fibrocartilage formation 
Callus Formation 
Ossification 
Consolidation / remodeling
Hard 
Fruit 
Comes
Out 
Crusty
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13
Q

What are the joint types?

A

Synarthroses

Diarthroses

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14
Q

What are the synarthroses joints?

A

Fibrous joint
Cartilaginous joint
Synchondrosis joint

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15
Q

What are the diarthroses joints?

A

Uniaxial joints
Biaxial joints
Triaxial joints

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16
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

Diarthroses joints

Joints that allow movement

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17
Q

What cells create bone?

A

Osteoblast

B = Build

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18
Q

What cells breakdown bone?

A

Osteoclast

C= Collapse

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19
Q

What are osteoprogenitor cells?

A

Stem cell for osteoblast

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20
Q

What is the function of synovial fluid?

A

to lubricate the joints

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21
Q

What percentage of cartilage does water make up?

A

> 70%

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22
Q

What does collagen fiber do in articular cartilage?

A

Provide Stability stregnth & Tensile stiffness

tolerate tension

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23
Q

What does proteoglycan aggression do?

A

Provide compression tolerance

Structural rigidity

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24
Q

Which contains more collagen tendons or ligaments?

A

Tendons

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25
Q

What percentage of body weight does the skeletal muscles make up?

A

40%

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26
Q

What percentage of body weight does the smooth cardiac muscle make up?

A

10%

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27
Q

What is a crossbridge?

A

Myosin head binds to actin beads

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28
Q

What is required for the contraction of one muscle unit?

A

1 molecule of ATP

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29
Q

What is muscle contraction dependent on?

A

Calcium

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30
Q

What covers the binding sights of actin?

A

Tropomyosin

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31
Q

What does the binding of ATP to myosin cause?

A

The release of actin

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32
Q

What are the most common pathogens found with bone infection?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

Streptococcus Pneumoniae

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33
Q

What is osteomyelitis?

A

Severe pyogenic infection of bone and local tissue (muscles)

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34
Q

Where does osteomyelitis mostly take place?

A

In long bones
Center of bone
Cortical

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35
Q

What is sequestra?

A

pieces of dead bone separated from healthy bone

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36
Q

What is involucrum?

A

New bone growing over sequestra

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37
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

Lateral curvature of spine

s/c shape

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38
Q

What are the types of scoliosis?

A

Nonstructural Scoliosis

Structural Scoliosis

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39
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

alteration of bone mass and structure

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40
Q

What causes osteoporosis?

A

Bone resorption > bone formation

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41
Q

What two diseases can cause osteoporosis?

A

Scurvy

Cushing’s disease

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42
Q

What is the main risk factor for osteoporosis?

A

Family history

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43
Q

What is the difference between Rickets & Osteomalacia?

A

Rickets occur in children

Osteomalacia occur in adults

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44
Q

What are Rickets & Osteomalacia?

A

deficits in mineralization of newly formed bone matrix

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45
Q

What is Genu Valgum?

A

inward knees

Knocked knees

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46
Q

What is Genu Varum?

A

Bow legged

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47
Q

What is the most common primary tumor of bone?

A

Multiple Myeloma

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48
Q

What is muscular dystrophy?

A

Progressive muscle weakness and degeneration

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49
Q

What is the most common muscular dystrophy?

A

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

50
Q

What is Myasthenia Gravis?

A

Chronic Autoimmune disease

Affects neuromuscular function of voluntary muscles

51
Q

What is Arthritis?

A

Degenerative joint disorder

Most common disabling musculoskeletal disorder

52
Q

What is the most common arthritis?

A

Osteoarthritis

53
Q

What is a bone spur?

A

When cartilage calciifies and there is more bone & less cartilage

54
Q

What is joint effusion?

A

Fluid in joint capsule

55
Q

Which form of Arthritis is bilateral?

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

56
Q

What are the stages of gout arthritis

A
  1. Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia
  2. Acute gout arthritis
  3. Inter critical gout
  4. Chronic Tophaceous gout
57
Q

What is a progressive disease of diarthroidal joints?

A

Osteoarthritis

58
Q

What causes genu valgum and genu varum?

A

Rickets & Osteomalacia

59
Q

What are the stages of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

initial phase
inflammatory phase
destruction phase

60
Q

What is the main problem of osteoarthritis?

A

Joint pain

61
Q

How long does morning stiffness occur in osteoarthritis?

A

Less than 30 minutes

62
Q

What is Hebreden?

A

Hand deformity affect the distal intraphalngial joint disorder (DIP)

63
Q

What are Bouchard nodes?

A

Hand deformity affect the Proximal intraphalngial joint disorder (PIP)

64
Q

What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?

A

Systemic Autoimmune inflammatory disease

65
Q

What age does Rhematoid arthritis usually occur?

A

40-55 y/0

66
Q

What age does arthritis usually occur?

A

18-64 y/o

67
Q

What polpypeptide is unique to Rheumatoid Arthritis?

A

Anti-CCP (Anti-cyclic citrullinated polypeptide antibodies)

68
Q

What is subluxation?

A

Partial dislocation

69
Q

What happens in the destruction phase of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Inflammation
Subluxations (partial dislocation)
Contractures (tightening of tissues around joints)
Deformities

70
Q

What are some joint deformites in rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Swan neck

Boutonniere

71
Q

What joints are most commonly involved in rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Hands wrist knees and feet

72
Q

What is Sjogren Syndrome?

A

Dry eyes & mouth

73
Q

What causes gout?

A

Altered metabolic uric acid production

74
Q

What joint is most often involved in gout?

A

Great toe

75
Q

What stores mineral and marrow elements for forming new blood cells?

A

Skeletal System

76
Q

What is Wolffs Law?

A

Bone is enhanced where needed; resorbed when not

77
Q

How long do the five stages of healing last?

A 
Hematoma formation (1 to 3 days)
Fibrocartilage formation (3 days to 2 weeks)
Callus formation (2 to 6 weeks)
Ossification (3 weeks to 6 months)
Consolidation/remodeling (6 weeks to 1 year)
78
Q

What is a Gomphosis joint?

A

reflected by a peg in a hole

79
Q

What is a Syndesmosis joint?

A

two bones joined by a ligament or interosseous membrane

80
Q

What percent of body weight do the muscles make up

A

50%
40% skeletal muscle
10% smooth & cardiac

81
Q

What is the composition of muscle?

A 
Fiber (muscle Fier)
Sarcoelemma 
endomysium 
Fasciculi
perimysium
entire muscle
epimysium
(EMP Test)
82
Q

What connects tendons to bones?

A

Sharpey fibers

83
Q

What causes myosin to let go of actin?

A

Binding of ATP

84
Q

What are the three ways organisms reach bone?

A

Blood stream
Adjacent Tissue
Direct introduction

85
Q

What is Hematogenous osteomyelitis?

A

When bacteria reaches the bone through the blood stream

86
Q

What is contiguous focus?

A

When bacteria reaches the bone through adjacent soft tissue

87
Q

What is the most common way organisms reach the bone?

A

Blood stream

88
Q

What T score would indicate osteopenia?

A

Between -1.0 & -2.5

89
Q

What T score would indicate osteoporosis?

A

Less than or equal to -2.5

90
Q

What are patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy deficient in?

A

Protein dystrophin

91
Q

What causes painless muscle weakness?

A

Myasthenia Gravis

92
Q

What affects neuromuscular function of voluntary muscles?

A

Myasthenia Gravis

93
Q

What is Myasthenia Crisis?

A

Insufficient medication
Emotional Stress
Trauma
Infection surgery

94
Q

What enzymes do chondrocytes release in osteoarthritis?

A

proteolytic & collagenolytic enzymes

95
Q

What does the release of proteolytic & collagenolytic enzymes do?

A

Breakdown of the matrix of proteoglycan and collagen

96
Q

What makes up the largest component of bone?

A

Minerals

97
Q

What connects bone to bone?

A

Ligaments

98
Q

What attaches muscle to bone?

A

Tendons

99
Q

What do collagen cross-links do?

A

give stregnth to tissues and increase tolerance to mechanical stress

100
Q

What controls tropomyosin position?

A

Troponin

101
Q

What does does calcium do to troponin

A

Allows the movement of tropomyosin

102
Q

What causes deficits in mineralization of newly formed bone matrix?

A

Vitamin D deficiency

103
Q

What is predominant symptom of Multiple Myeloma?

A

Bone pain

104
Q

How can you tell if someone has Multiple Myeloma?

A

Homogeneous immunoglobulin is present in urine and serum

105
Q

How is muscular Dystrophy classified?

A

pattern of inheritance
age of onset
distribution of muscular weakness

106
Q

Is Myasthenia Gravis more common in men or women?

A

Women

107
Q

How does Myasthenia Gravis affect the neuromuscluar function of voluntary muscles?

A

destroys / blocks ACTH receptors

108
Q

Which form of arthritis is noninflammatory?

A

Osteoarthritis

109
Q

What causes progressive injury in osteoarthritis?

A

structural breakdown of cartilage
Osteophyte Spur formation
joint effusion
inflammation of synovial membrane

110
Q

What triggers Rheumatoid Arthritis?

A

bacterial or viral antigen in genetically susceptible individuals

111
Q

What happens in the inflammatory phase of Rheumatoid arthritis?

A

immune cells activate the complement
cytokines and othe immune mediators are produced
stimulate and spread inflammation in joint

112
Q

What are rheumatoid nodules?

A

Lumps that form beneath the skin on affected joints

113
Q

What is Brodie abscess?

A

Localized infection in bone

114
Q

What is the main cause of osteomyelitis?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

115
Q

Why is osteomyelitis difficult to manage?

A

Difficult to attain sufficient antibiotic concentration in bone tissue

116
Q

What comes with Multiple Myeloma?

A

Hypercalcemia & severe back pain

117
Q

Who does Duchenne muscular dystrophy affect?

A

Males

118
Q

What is Myasthenia crisis?

A

An acute exacerbation of the disease

119
Q

What ion is required for muscle contraction?

A

Calcium

120
Q

What is the immediate source of energy for muscle contraction?

A

ATP

121
Q

What causes Bouchard Nodes

A

Osteoarthritis

Patho 2 (5 decks)

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