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Final Flashcards

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1
Q

What are seed plants?

A

Angiosperms

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2
Q

When did flowering plants first appear? What period?

A

160 million years ago during the late Jurassic period

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3
Q

What did most botanists hypothesize about primitive flowers?

A

That they had numerous spirally-arranged parts that weren’t fused

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4
Q

What makes angiosperms different from gymnosperms?

A

The angiosperm seeds are contained in a structure

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5
Q

What is the structure where seeds are contained called?

A

Carpel

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6
Q

What is the largest and most diverse phylum of the Plant Kingdom?

A

Angiosperms

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7
Q

Are angiosperms heterosporous or homosporous?

A

Hereosporous

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8
Q

Describe a female gametophyte

A

Wholly enclosed within sporophyte tissue and are reduced to only few cells

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9
Q

Describe a male gametophyte

A

Consist of a germinated pollen grain with three nuclei

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10
Q

Give an example of a compound carpel

A

Tomato, thinner pericarp several ovules

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11
Q

Give an example of a simple carpel

A

Avocado, thicker pericarp, one ovule

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12
Q

What is pollination?

A

The transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma

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13
Q

What is fertilization?

A

The union of an egg and sperm

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14
Q

How long can fertilization take place after pollination?

A

Days, weeks, or months after

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15
Q

What color flowers do birds often visit? Smell?

A

Bright red or yellow, very little odor

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16
Q

How do flowers ensure the return of bird-pollinators?

A

The produce copious amounts of nectar

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17
Q

What kind of flowers do bats visit?

A

Ones that open at night

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18
Q

What is a herbaria?

A

Libraries of dried, pressed plants, algae, fungi arranged and labeled

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19
Q

How long can a properly prepared specimen remain in excellent condition?

A

300+ years

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20
Q

What is special about wild ginger?

A

The flower is located at the base of the plant

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21
Q

What does an embryonic primordium develop into?

A

A bud

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22
Q

What is another name for sepals?

A

Calyx

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23
Q

What is another name for petals?

A

Corolla

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24
Q

What are the calyx and corolla together called?

A

Perianth

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25
Q

What does a stamen consist of?

A

Filament with an anther on top

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26
Q

What develops in anthers?

A

Pollen grains

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27
Q

What are stamen attached to?

A

The receptacle around the base of the pistil

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28
Q

What does the pistil consist of?

A

Stigma, style, ovary

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29
Q

What is a Superior Ovary?

A

Calyx and corolla attached to the receptacle at the base of the ovary

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30
Q

What is an Inferior Ovary?

A

Where the receptacle grows up and around the ovary, calyx and corolla appear to attach on top

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31
Q

What is an inflorescence?

A

Group of several to hundreds of flowers

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32
Q

What is special about the Trumpet Creeper?

A

The petals are fused together

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33
Q

Name some popular types of inflorescence

A

Raceme, Spike, Umbel, compound Umbel, Head, Catkins

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34
Q

What are some dicot characteristics?

A
  • flower parts in 4s and 5s
  • leaves have distinct vein network
  • vascular cambium
  • vascular bundles in rings
  • pollen grain with three apertures
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35
Q

What are some monocot characteristics?

A
  • flower parts in 3s
  • leaves with parallel primary veins
  • no vascular cambium
  • vascular bundles scattered
  • pollen grain with one aperture
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36
Q

What is a fruit?

A

The ovary and its accessory parts that have developed and matured

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37
Q

Do fruits usually contain seeds?

A

Yes

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38
Q

What is the exocarp on a fruit?

A

The skin

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39
Q

What is the endocarp on a fruit?

A

Inner boundary around the seed/seeds

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40
Q

What is the mesocarp on a fruit?

A

The fleshy tissue between the endocarp and exocarp that is eaten

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41
Q

What are the xo, endo, and mesocarp combined called?

A

Pericarp

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42
Q

Name three kinds of simple, fleshy fruit

A

Drupe, berry, pome

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43
Q

Describe a drupe

A

Hard endocarp

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44
Q

Describe a berry

A

Entire pericarp is fleshy

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45
Q

Describe a pome

A

Bulk of fruit comes from enlarged floral tube or receptacle that grows up around the ovary

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46
Q

Name two types of dry fruits

A

Dehiscent and Indehiscent

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47
Q

What is dehiscent?

A

Dry fruits that open

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48
Q

What is indehiscent?

A

Dry fruits that don’t open

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49
Q

Give an example of a drupe

A

Peach, pit cherries

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50
Q

Give an example of a berry

A

Grapes, tomato

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51
Q

Give an example of a pome

A

Apple

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52
Q

Give examples of indehiscent dry fruits

A

Achene, nut, grain, samara

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53
Q

What is an achene?

A

One seeded, seed and pericarp not fused

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54
Q

What is a nut?

A

Larger, hard fruit

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55
Q

What is a grain?

A

Grass family, seed and pericarp fused together

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56
Q

What is a samara?

A

“Winged” fruit

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57
Q

Give examples of dehiscent dry fruits

A

Follicle, legume, capsule

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58
Q

What is a follicle?

A

Splits along one side or seam

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59
Q

What is a legume?

A

Splits along two sides or seams

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60
Q

What is a capsule?

A

Consists of at least two carpels and splits in a variety of ways

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61
Q

Name two types of composite fruits

A

Aggregate fruits and multiple fruits

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62
Q

What is an aggregate fruit?

A

A fruit derived from a single flower with several to many pistils
Individual pistils mature as a clustered unit on a single receptacle

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63
Q

Give examples of aggregate fruit

A

Raspberry, strawberry

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64
Q

What is multiple fruit?

A

Derived from several to many individual flowers in a single inflorescence

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65
Q

Give examples of multiple fruits

A

Pineapples, figs, osage orange

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66
Q

What kind of seeds are dispersed with the wind?

A

Small and lightweight

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67
Q

How does animal seed dispersion work?

A

The seeds pass through the digestive tract or catch on fur/feathers

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68
Q

How can seeds attract ants?

A

With oils

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69
Q

Some fruits contain what that pertains to water disposal?

A

Air

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70
Q

Give examples of wind dispersed seeds

A

dandelion, maple, poppy, orchid, cottonwood, tumbleweed, oak, grasses

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71
Q

Give examples of animal dispersed seeds

A

cocklebur, mistletoe berries, bur clover fruit, bedstraw fruit, capsule of unicorn plant

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72
Q

What is a food storage organ that functions as first seed leaves?

A

Cotyledons

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73
Q

What is an embryo shoot?

A

Plumule

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74
Q

What is the stem above the cotyledon?

A

Epicotyl

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75
Q

What is the stem tip that develops into a root?

A

Radicle

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76
Q

What is the beginning or resumption of seed growth?

A

Germination

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77
Q

What must the seed be to be able to germinate?

A

Viable

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78
Q

What are some things that help with viability?

A

A period of dormancy, scarification, post ripe

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79
Q

What extends the viability of seeds?

A

When they are stored under low temp dry conditions

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80
Q

What is the longest a seed waited to germinate?

A

10,000 years

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81
Q

What things connect flowering plants into families?

A

characteristics, biogeography/dist, uses

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82
Q

What family do buttercups belong to?

A

Ranunculaceae

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83
Q

How many member species are in the Ranunculaceae family?

A

1,500, nearly all herbaceous

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84
Q

Are members of Ranunculaceae poisonous?

A

Most members are at least slightly poisonous

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85
Q

What family do Cinnamon, Cassia, Sassafras, Sweet Bay, and Camphor belong to?

A

Lauraceae

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86
Q

What family do drugs like Opium, Morphine, Codeine, and Heroin belong to?

A

Papaveraceae

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87
Q

Where are most Papaveraceaes located?

A

Temperate and subtropical regions North of the equator

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88
Q

Ranunculaceae

A

Buttercups

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89
Q

Lauraceae

A

Cinnamon, Cassia, Sassafras, Sweet Bay, and Camphor

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90
Q

Papaveraceae

A

Opium, Morphine, Codeine, and Heroin

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91
Q

What family do Cabbage, Cauliflower, Brussel Sprouts, Broccoli, Radish, Turnip, Horseradish, Watercress, and Rutabaga belong to?

A

Brassicaceae

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92
Q

How many members are in the Brassicaceae family?

A

About 2,500

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93
Q

Where are most members of the Brassicaceae family located?

A

Primarily throughout the temperate and cooler regions of North America

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94
Q

Brassicaceae

A

Cabbage, Cauliflower, Brussel Sprouts, Broccoli, Radish, Turnip, Horseradish, Watercress, and Rutabaga

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95
Q

What is the modern name for a Cruciferae?

A

Brassicaceae

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96
Q

What do the flower petals of Cruciferae/Brassicaceae look like and how many?

A

Cross, 4

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97
Q

How many species/members does the Rosaceae family include?

A

3,000

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98
Q

What is the economic impact of the Rosaceae family?

A

Garden ornamentals, fragrances, hips

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99
Q

What family do Peas, Beans, Peanuts, and Alfalfa belong to?

A

Fabaceae

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100
Q

What is another name for the Fabaceae family?

A

Legume

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101
Q

What is the third largest flowering plant family??

A

Fabaceae

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102
Q

How many members does the Fabaceae family have?

A

13,000

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103
Q

Fabaceae

A

Peas, Beans, Peanuts, and Alfalfa

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104
Q

What family are cactus in?

A

Cactaceae

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105
Q

How many members are in the Cactaceae family?

A

Potentially more than 1,500

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106
Q

Where is the Cactaceae family usually located?

A

In dry, subtropical regions

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107
Q

Can members of the Cactaceae family be eaten?

A

Yes

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108
Q

What family is mint in?

A

Lamiaceae

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109
Q

Cactaceae

A

Cactus

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110
Q

Lamiaceae

A

Mint

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111
Q

How can you distinguish members of the Lamiaceae family?

A
  • Angular stems with square cross sections
  • Opposite leaves
  • Bilaterally symmetrical flowers
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112
Q

What can mint oils be used for?

A

Medical antiseptics

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113
Q

What family do Capsicum, Jimsyn weed, Tobacco, and Tomatoes belong to?

A

Solanaceae

114
Q

What is another name for the Solanaceae family?

A

Nightshade family

115
Q

What family does the Belladonna drug complex including atropine and scopolamine stem from?

A

Solanaceae

116
Q

Solanaceae

A

Capsicum, Jimsyn weed, Tobacco, and Tomatoes

117
Q

What family do Dill, Celery, Carrots, Parsley, and Caraway belong to?

A

Apiaceae

118
Q

What is another name for the Apiaceae family?

A

Carrot family

119
Q

How many members does the Apiaceae family include?

A

Approx. 2,000

120
Q

What is the second largest flowering plant family?

A

Asteraceae

121
Q

Apiaceae

A

Dill, Celery, Carrots, Parsley, and Caraway

122
Q

What family do sunflowers belong to?

A

Asteraceae

123
Q

What are individual flowers called?

A

Florets

124
Q

What is another name for the Asteraceae family?

A

Sunflowers family

125
Q

What family do grains, Sugar Cane, Citronella, and Fibers belong to?

A

Poaceae

126
Q

What is another name for the Poaceae family?

A

Grass family

127
Q

What family includes specialized flowers and cereals?

A

Poaceae

128
Q

Poaceae

A

Grains, Sugar Cane, Citronella, and Fibers

129
Q

What family do Asparagus, Sarsaparilla, Meadow Saffron, Aloe, and Onions/Garlic belong to?

A

Liliaceae

130
Q

What is another name for the Liliaceae family?

A

Lily family

131
Q

How many members does the Liliaceae family include?

A

Approx. 4,550

132
Q

Where does the Liliaceae family occur?

A

In almost any area supporting vegetation

133
Q

Liliaceae

A

Asparagus, Sarsaparilla, Meadow Saffron, Aloe, and Onions/Garlic

134
Q

What family do orchids belong to?

A

Orchidaceae

135
Q

How large is the Orchidaceae family?

A

More than 35,000 species

136
Q

Where can members of the Orchidaceae family be found?

A

They are widely distributed with diverse habitats

137
Q

Are the flowers in the Ochidaceae family all different or generally the same?

A

Extremely varied in size and form

138
Q

Name two regional issue that affects ecology

A

Acid deposition and water contamination

139
Q

What is acid deposition?

A

The burning of fossil fuels that release sulfur and nitrogen compounds into the atmosphere

140
Q

How do rain and sunlight play a role in acid deposition?

A

The chemicals react with the sunlight and rain to convert the compounds into nitric acid and sulfuric acid

141
Q

Name two effects of acid rain

A

Tree loss (Spruce decline) and accelerates weathering

142
Q

Give some examples of things that contaminate water

A
  • Pesticides
  • Septic Tanks
  • Fertilizer
  • Hazardous waste
  • Exhaust
143
Q

What are different kinds of water contamination?

A
  • Surface water contamination
  • Ground-water contamination
  • Wetlands
144
Q

Give examples of things that contaminate surface water

A
  • Pollution runoff
  • pesticides
  • engine exhaust
145
Q

Give examples of things that contaminate ground-water

A
  • pesticides
  • septic tanks
  • fertilizers
146
Q

How are wetlands affected by water contamination?

A
  • Seen as wasteland and drained to become ag land

- wildlife habitat, can lead to certain extinction if trashed

147
Q

What type of land can perform the same recycling functions as $150,000 treatment centers?

A

Wetland

148
Q

How did earlier generations dispose of hazardous waste?

A

Casually

149
Q

Now how does hazardous waste get “loose?”

A

From spills and accidents

150
Q

Name four global concerns

A
  • Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
  • “Ozone hole” in South polar region
  • Climate Change
  • Loss of Biodiversity (Extinction)
151
Q

Define a population

A

A group of individuals of the same species inhabiting the same area at the same time
(Same time and location and species)

152
Q

Name three important characteristics of populations

A
  • Pop size
  • Pop density
  • Genetic diversity
153
Q

Define a community

A

Many populations of many species living together at the same time and location
(Same time and location and many species)

154
Q

How do similar communities occur?

A

Under similar environmental conditions

155
Q

What are ecotones?

A

transitions between communities

156
Q

What is the speakers name that came in?

A

Karen Willard

157
Q

How can ecosystems sustain themselves?

A

Through photosynthetic activity, energy flow through food chains, and nutrient recycling

158
Q

What are producers?

A

Organisms that are capable of carrying out photosynthesis and storing energy that is produced

159
Q

What type of consumer feeds on producers?

A

Primary

160
Q

What type of consumer feeds on primary consumers?

A

Secondary

161
Q

What are decomposers?

A

organisms that break down organic material to forms that are release back into the ecosystem for reassimilation

162
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

Interlocking food webs that determine energy flow

163
Q

What is a food web made of?

A

Food chains

164
Q

What percent of the light energy falling on a temperate zone community is involved in organic material production?

A

1%

165
Q

What percent of the energy or biomass is transferred from one level to the next in a food chain?

A

About 10%

166
Q

Because only 10% of the energy is transferred between food chain levels what does this mean?

A

There is a sharp reduction in the number of individuals at each level

167
Q

Water cycle

A

Evaporation, condensation, precipitation, runoff

168
Q

What organism cycles carbon?

A

Bacteria

169
Q

Burning what has increased the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

A

Fossil fuels

170
Q

How does an increase in Co2 effect plant growth?

A

Initial increase but becomes limited

171
Q

Where is most nitrogen in living organisms?

A

In the protoplasmic proteins of their cells

172
Q

Where is most nitrogen supply from?

A

Soil in the form of inorganic compounds and ions

173
Q

What is succession?

A

When after awhile plants come up, like if you don’t mow for a really long time

174
Q

What is primary succession?

A

Soil formation

175
Q

What is secondary succession?

A

Disturbed areas (mowed places)

176
Q

What is climax vegetation?

A

Stable plant associations

177
Q

Why are some fires good?

A

The lead to new growth

178
Q

What are most natural fires started by?

A

Lightning

179
Q

Trying to eliminate fires disrupts what?

A

Natural cycles

180
Q

What is the Greenhouse Effect/

A

When certain gases allow sunlight to pass through the atmosphere but trap the heat radiation

181
Q

Name two greenhouse gases

A

CO2 and methane

182
Q

What do fossil fuels release into the atm?

A

CO2

183
Q

What do swamps and wetlands release that is produced by bacteria?

A

Methane

184
Q

When habitats are destroyed quickly, why can’t organisms survive?

A

They can’t adapt fast enough

185
Q

What has accelerated over the past 50 years as humans have altered ecosystems?

A

Extinction rates

186
Q

How much has the average annual temperatures increased since 1895?

A

0.7C

187
Q

When did most of the temperature increasing happen?

A

Since 1970

188
Q

When was the warmest decade on record?

A

The most recent one

189
Q

T/F: extreme weather events increasing is an example of climate change evidence

A

True

190
Q

What has been increasing since the 1980s?

A

The length of growing season

191
Q

What natural disaster has increased in intensity, frequency, and duration since the 1980s?

A

Atlantic hurricanes

192
Q

What human activities are causing climate change?

A

Burning fossil fuels and deforestation leads to increase of CO2

193
Q

What is the projected increase in global temperature by 2100?

A

1.1 to 2.2 C or 2.8 to 5.6 in the worst case

194
Q

An increase in global temperature will lead to what kind of migration?

A

Vegetation migration

195
Q

Melting polar ice caps leads to

A

Rising sea levels

196
Q

Which direction will Red Spruce forests shift?

A

Up in elevation and northward in the Northern Hemisphere

197
Q

What will happened to plants because of climate change?

A
  • Migration
  • Expansion and contraction
  • Permafrost degradation at high lat
  • Substantial reduction of snow and ice
198
Q

Microbial loop

A

Structure and composition of vegetation–>input of organic matter to soil–>abundance of bacteria in soil–>eumycetozoans present–>energy pathway–>productivity and carbon sequestration

199
Q

Where is the Spruce/hardwood ecotone shift?

A

Central Appalachians

200
Q

Bog/Spruce/hardwood ecotone is where?

A

Mtns of Western central West Virginia

201
Q

What percent of the land surface in the antarctic is ice-free?

A

1-2%

202
Q

What does vegetation in the antarctic mostly consist of?

A

“Lower” plants

203
Q

How many macrofungi are known in the antarctic?

A

About 20 species

204
Q

What are the two vascular plants found in the antarctic and what are their families?

A
  • Deschampsia antarctica (Poaceae)

- Colobanthus quitensis (Caryophyllaceae)

205
Q

What does order of magnitude inc by?

A

1–>10–>100

206
Q

What do antarctic plants do to keep warm?

A

Huddle together

207
Q

Name a primitive flower?

A

Magnolia

208
Q

What is a regular flower?

A

If you twirl it around it looks all the same

209
Q

Name an irregular flower

A

Orchid, bleeding heart

210
Q

Name four primitive flower parts?

A

Sepals, stamen,petals, carpels

211
Q

What flower part looks like mickey mouse?

A

Stamen with pollen sacs

212
Q

Where is the placenta?

A

Inside pollen sac

213
Q

What is a micropyle?

A

The opening that allows sperm to reach the egg

214
Q

How many nuclei are typically in the female reproduction system?

A

8

215
Q

What is the ovule?

A

The seed

216
Q

Name a plant with the highest number of seeds

A

Orchid, thousands

217
Q

What are four pollinators?

A

Wind, birds, bats, bugs

218
Q

What do bug pollinated plants look like?

A

Flashy

219
Q

What is an example of bird pollinated flowers and what color are they?

A

Red, Trumpet vine, creeper

220
Q

Where are bat pollinated plants located?

A

High in the topic canopy

221
Q

What is not a good material when plants are being kept?

A

Cellophane tape

222
Q

What is special about wild ginger?

A

Self pollenated, mildly carcinogenic

223
Q

What is the worlds largest flower like?

A

1m across, smells like rotting flesh flower of root parasite

224
Q

What are catkins from?

A

Oaks wind pollinated

225
Q

What are sepals?

A

The leaflike things are the base off the flower

226
Q

What does the anther hold?

A

Pollen with filament

227
Q

Is the pistil female or male?

A

Female

228
Q

What is an inflorescence?

A

A group of flowers

229
Q

What does an umbel look like?

A

A fan

230
Q

What does a spike look like?

A

Grows up opposite of catkins

231
Q

What is a raceme?

A

Mostly primitive alternating

232
Q

What is a one seed leaf?

A

Monocot

233
Q

What is a two seed leaf?

A

Dicot

234
Q

Is wild ginger monocot or dicot?

A

Dicot because net veins

235
Q

Monocots never have what? but dicots have exceptions

A

Vascular cambium

236
Q

Is bamboo monocot or dicot?

A

Monocot

237
Q

Name a nitrogen fixing family?

A

Legumes

238
Q

What is a stone fruit?

A

Drupe, pit fruit

239
Q

What reshaped civilization?

A

Wine

240
Q

Name the most primitive fruit?

A

Follicle

241
Q

Name the parts of a seed

A

Seed coat, micropyle, hypocotyl, hilum, plumule

242
Q

Is corn monocot or dicot?

A

Monocot, one leaf

243
Q

what favorable environmental factors do seeds need to germinate?

A

Able to take up water, and good temperature

244
Q

Is dicot taproot or fibrous?

A

Taproot

245
Q

Is monocot taproot or fibrous?

A

Fibrous

246
Q

How long can dry seeds on a shelf last?

A

Up to 1/2 century

247
Q

Ranunculaceae family is pollinated by what?

A

Hummingbirds

248
Q

Lauracaea family has what unique trait?

A

V odorous

249
Q

Where is the Papaveraceae family found?

A

In the Northern Hemisphere

250
Q

What does a rose have?

A

Prickles

251
Q

How many petals does a wild rose have?

A

5

252
Q

What are rose hips?

A

Look like tomatoes and can be eaten

253
Q

What family are raspberries and blueberries part of?

A

Rosaceae

254
Q

Name two types of Cacti

A

Barrel, prickly pear

255
Q

What family is highly toxic if too much is consumed?

A

Solanaceae

256
Q

What can Jimson weed do?

A

Get you high, kill you, and go blind when chewed

257
Q

What kind of leaf arrangement does the genus lilium have?

A

Whorled

258
Q

Name two plants in the liliaceae family that have spots

A

Trout lily and fawn lily

259
Q

Why are orchids hard to establish?

A

Because they are so mycorrihizol

260
Q

Facts about the Skunk cabbage

A

Fat spike, fly pollenated, smells bad

261
Q

Facts about Jack in a pulpit

A

Sexes separate but can change sex

262
Q

Facts about blood root

A

Petals fall off super easy, far produces red latex, rhizome, little toxic

263
Q

Name a flower with a heart leaf

A

Violet

264
Q

What is a flower?

A

The reproductive structure of angiosperms

265
Q

What are flower flies?

A

Look like bees, act like bees

266
Q

What is a scavenger?

A

Eats dead things

267
Q

What is special about a trumpet creeper?

A

5 fused petals

268
Q

Name an organism highly affected by acid rain

A

Frogs

269
Q

What is DDT?

A

A pesticide

270
Q

What is the ozone hole?

A

Does not block UV radiation S AUstralia

271
Q

Name a place with slow succession

A

National Parks

272
Q

What is primary succession?

A

Starting from scratch

273
Q

What is secondary succession?

A

Like in a parking lot

274
Q

Name a temporary landscape

A

Ponds

275
Q

Name an invasive species that can take over a whole forest

A

Kutzu

276
Q

Where are most invasive plants found?

A

Road side/along disturbed areas

277
Q

Red spruce grows where?

A

Cold low evelation

278
Q

Gentu penguins in the subantarctic are affected by global warming how?

A

Multiple species affect reproduction

279
Q

Why are bryophytes and lichens heavily pigmented in the antarctic?

A

Sunscreen

280
Q

What is Carophyllacaea?

A

The pink family with notched petals

Plant Biology (4 decks)

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