Exam 2 Flashcards
What is the difference between woody and herbaceous?
Woody: hard, secondary growth (Oak)
Herbaceous: soft (Dandelion)
What are most annuals?
Green and herbaceous and split monocot and dicot
Perennials are mostly
herbaceous
Herbaceous dicots have what?
Discrete vascular bundles of xylem and phloem
Alternate vs opposite leaf arrangements
Alternate means every other and opposite means directly across
Leaves attach at what?
A node
Between leaves (nodes) is what?
Internodes
What is a blade?
A flattened plant of the leaf
What is the blade attached to the twig by? (The little stem)
Petiole
What is the angle between the petiole and stem called?
The Axil
What is the bud located at the axil called?
Axillary bud
What is the bud at the tip called?
Terminal bud
Deciduous trees and shrubs have what in the fall?
Dormant axillary buds with leaf scars after leaves fall off
What protects the apical meristem before the beginning of the growing season?
Bus scales and leaf primordia
The three tissues that the apical meristem develops are
The protoderm, pro cambium, and the ground meristem
What two things does the ground meristem include?
The pith and the cortex
What is the leaf primodia?
It is like a covering that acts as protection for the apical meristem before growing season
Cells produced by the vascular cambium become what?
Components of the secondary xylem and secondary phloem
What kind of plants are have the cork cambium?
Woody dicots because the cork cambium produces cork cells and phelloderm cells which is essentially bark
How many cells thick is the vascular cambium?
One
Which cell is produced by the vascular cambium and is pushed toward the outside?
Phloem
Which cell is produced by the vascular cambium and is pushed toward the inside?
Xylem
What is an annual ring?
One years growth of xylem
Large vessel elements of secondary xylem are called?
Spring wood
Smaller and fewer vessel elements of the secondary xylem are called?
Summer wood
What do vascular rays do and look like?
Lines across the rings and function in lateral conductions of nutrients and water
Mature bark can consist of what?
Alternating layers of crushed phloem and cork
What is heartwood?
Older, darker wood at the center of the trunk/stem
What is sapwood?
Lighter, still-functioning xylem closest to the cambium
Hardwood includes
Tracheas and vessel elements
Softwood includes
Tracheids, no fibers and vessel elements
Ex. cone-bearing trees
What are bulbs?
Large buds surrounded by numerous fleshy leaves, with a small stem at the lower end
Large buds surrounded by numerous fleshy leaves, with a small stem at the lower end
Bulbs
Corms
Resemble bulbs, but composed almost entirely of stem tissue
Resemble bulbs, but composed almost entirely of stem tissue
Corms
Cladophylls
Flattened, leaf-life stems
Flattened, leaf-life stems
Cladophylls
Thorns
Modified stems
Modified stems
Thorns
Tendrils
Vines
Vines
Tendrils
Rhizomes
Horizontal stems that grow below-ground
Horizontal stems that grow below-ground
Rhizomes
Runners
Horizontal stems that generally grow along surface
Horizontal stems that generally grow along surface
Runners
Stolons
Produced beneath the surface of the ground and tend to grow in different directions
Produced beneath the surface of the ground and tend to grow in different directions
Stolons
What is a Dicotyledon?
Flowering plants that develop from seeds with two seed leaved: secondary growth
What is a Monocotyledon?
Flowering plants that develop from seeds with a single seed leaf: no secondary growth
What kinds of stems have neither a vascular cambium or a cork cambium? AKA no secondary tissues or cork
Monocot stems
In monocot stems vascular bundles look like what?
Monkey faces
What does 50% of wood weight come from? (In a living tree)
Water
Dry weight is composed of
60-75% cellulose, and 15-20% Lignin
What are knots?
Bases of lost branches covered by new annual rings
Half of wood production goes toward what?
Construction, lumber
What is veneer?
Thin sheet of desirable wood glued to cheap wood
Examples of pulp are:
Paper, newspaper
Most timber/wood is used for what in other countries?
Fuelwood
What percent of wood is used as fuelwood in US and Canada?
<10%
What qualifies as a simple leaf?
It has a single blade
What qualifies as a compound leaf?
It is divided into leaflets
Where do leaves attach to stems?
At nodes
The region between nodes is called
Internodes
What is phyllotaxy?
Leaf arrangement
What are the three types of leaf arrangements and describe them
- Alternate (Every other)
- Opposite(“Back to back”)
- Whorled (All around one point)
What would leaflets in pairs along the rachis be called?
Pinnately compound
What would leaflets attached at the same point at the end of the petiole be called?
Palmately compound
Pinnately compound leaves can further be divided and called
Bipinnately compound
Veins are also classified as
pinnate or palmate
Which type of veined leaf has a main midvein
Pinnately
What are the veins the branch out from the mid vein called?
Secondary veins
Which type of veined leaf has several primary veins that fan out from the base of the blade?
Palmate
Parallel venation occurs in
Monocots
Reticulate venation is also known as
Net veins
Fan leaves have what kind of veins?
Dichotomous
How many cells thick is the epidermis?
One
What does the epidermis do?
Protects the plant as a covering and a waxy cuticle is present
The upper epidermal cells are devoid of what?
Chloroplasts
Green leaves use sunlight for what?
Photosynthesis
Stomata dots which side of leave surfaces?
The lower surface
What do stomata do?
Allow CO2 to enter and O2 and water to diffuse out
What do guard cells do?
Control stomatal openings
When water evaporates from the leaf surface what is it called?
Transpiration
Photosynthesis takes place in where and between what two layers?
In the mesophyll between the epidermal layers
Palisade mesophyll
Uppermost layer that contains most chloroplasts
Spongy mesophyll
Lower layer with airspace
Veins are also known as what?
Vascular bundles
Where are vascular bundles/veins present?
Throughout the mesophyll
What are vascular bundles made of?
Xylem, phloem, bundle sheath
What are spines?
Modified leaves designed to reduce water loss and protect from herbivory
What are prickles?
Outgrowths from the epidermis or cortex
What are succulents?
Storage leaves
What are leaves buried in the ground called?
Window leaves
What are reproductive leaves?
Leaves that produce new plants at the tips
What are floral leaves called?
Bracts
Chlorophylls relate to what color?
Green
Carotenoids relate to what color?
Yellow
What happens in fall?
The chlorophylls break down and other colors are revealed
Betacyanins relate to what color and where are they present?
Red and in the vacuole
Anthocyanin’s relate to what color?
Blue or red
Deciduous means what?
It sheds leaves annually/seasonally
How do plants know when to drop their leaves?
There is a change in an abscission zone near the petiole
After the leaves drop where does suberin come in?
It coats and impregrates the area for protection
Give four examples of Insect-Trapping leaves
- venus flytrap
- bladderwort
- sundew
- pitcher plant
Give uses for leaves (7)
- landscaping
- food
- dyes
- rope/twine
- drugs
- insecticides
- waxes
6CO2 + 12H2O + light–> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 12H2O + light –> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
C6H12O6 –> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + energy
Fermentation
Fermentation
C6H12O6 –> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + energy
Ethanol (C2H5OH) and CO2 are created from what
Yeast breaking down glucose in fermentation:
Makes bread and beer
How much of radiant energy is received on Earth in the form of visible light?
40%
How much light reaching them absorbed by leaves?
80%
Light intensity varies with (5)
- time of day
- season
- elevation
- latitude
- atm composition
Engelmann’s experiment
Wanted to see where in the light spectrum bacteria would gravitate toward
Bacteria like which colors/wavelengths best?
Violet 400, red 700
What percentage of water absorbed by plants is used for photosynthesis?
Less than 1%
How does the plant react when water is in short supply?
The stomata close and reduce the supple of CO2 available for photosynthesis
How does water enter the plant?
Through root hairs
How does water travel throughout the plant?
Upward through the xylem
What tissue acts like a tube, sucking water up due to tension?
Xylem
What is transpiration?
When water enters a plant passing into leaf air spaces and evaporates through the stomata
How much water is transpired?
More than 90%
How much water escapes through the cuticle?
Less than 5%
How does CO2 reach chloroplasts in the mesophyll?
It diffuses through the stomata into the leaf interior
What activities have lead to excess CO2 in the atm? (3)
- fossil fuels
- deforestation
- humans
How do activities like deforestation lead to excess CO2 in the atm?
It enhances photosynthesis where plants counter-balance by developing fewer stomata with leads to global warming
What color relates to chlorophyll a?
Blue-green
What color relates to chlorophyll b?
Yellow-green
What color relates to carotenoids?
Yellow and orange
What color relates to phycobilins?
Blue or red
One photosynthetic unit includes how many pigments?
250-400
Name two types of molecular movement
Osmosis and diffusion
What is diffusion?
Movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration until equilibrium is reached
What is osmosis?
Diffusion of water through a permeable membrane (still more to less concentrated)
How does water enter a cell?
Through osmosis
Do plants need macronutrients or micronutrients in greater amount?
Macronutrients
What is the important acronym for the elements
CHOPKNS CaFe MgNaCl CuMn CoZn MoB
What does the element acronym stand for?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Sodium, Chlorine, Copper, Manganese, Cobalt, Zinc, Molybdenum, Boron
Who was the first to attempt to classify plants and when?
Theophrastus in 4th century BC
How many plants did Theophrastus classify and what did he base his classifications on?
500, leaf characteristics
When did classification by fruit, structure, and habit start?
18th century
What is genera?
First classifying word, typically latin, indicating genus
Linnaeus set out to do what?
Classify all known plants and animals according to genera
Linnaeus started sub classifying by what?
Species
The abbreviated names of plants are
binomials
Abbreviated name example and what each word means:
Menthe Spicata L.
First word genus
Second word species
L. for Linnaeus
What is the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature?
Single book with a common index on how to name a plant basically idk
Early classification only had organisms split into two kingdoms:
Plants or Animals
When was a third kingdom proposed and by who?
Hogg and Haeckel 1860
What was the third kingdom?
Kingdom Protoctista (Protista)
What change was made to the kingdoms in 1938?
Copland proposed all single-celled organisms should have a group: Monera
What change was made to the kingdoms in 1969?
Whittaker split fungi from protista
What change was made to the kingdoms in 1990?
Fonera should be split into Archaea and Bacteria
Now there are how many kingdoms and what are they?
6:
- Archaea
- Bacteria
- Protista
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Animalia
From broad to narrow what are the taxonomic ranks?
- domain
- kingdom
- phylum
- class
- order
- family
- genus
- species
What is cladistics?
A method of examining a natural relationships based on shared features
Occams Razor means what?
Simpler is better
Name the four characteristics of Archaea and Bacteria
- Prokaryotic cells
- Nucleoid instead of nucleus
- Nutrition is gained through absorbing food through the cell wall
- Asexual mainly…so fission
How big are the smallest living organisms (Archaea and Bacteria)
Less than 2 or 3 micrometers in diameter
How old are archaea and bacteria?
3.5 billion years old
What is the most numerous living organism?
Archaea and bacteria
What are the three forms or archaea and bacteria?
- Cocci: spherical or elliptical
- Bacilli: rod shaped of cylindrical
- Spirilla: helix or spiral
What do bacteria do?
Decompose
Where in the food chain are bacteria?
The bottom
Bacteria are..
Nitrogen fixing
Bacterias evolution is
Short term
Archaea were recognized as distinct in what year?
1977
How do archaea and bacteria differ?
Their metabolisms are different
Where do Archaea were first found in what kind of environment?
Extreme
What is the largest group of archaea?
Methane bacteria
You can produce methane from what?
Carbon dioxide and hydrogen
What are some commercial uses for methane?
captured from landfills, it can be burned to produce electricity, heat buildings, or power garbage trucks.
What are Cyanobacteria also known as?
Blue-Green Bacteria/Blue-Green Algae
What distinguished cyanobacteria from traditional bacteria?
- cyanobactera have chlorophyll a and O2 produced in photosynthesis
- they contain phycobilins
- they can fix nitrogen and produce O2
What type of year and where do many aquatic photosynthetic organisms become abundant?
What is it known as?
Fresh water in warmer months
Algal blooms
What do algal blooms lead to?
Swimmers itch and nitrogen fixation
What distinguishes prochlorobacteria?
-It posses chlorophyll a and b of higher plants but has no phycobilin pigments like cyanobacteria
Originated from cells living in cells of other organisms
What do viruses lack?
Cellular structure
What do viruses consist of?
Nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein coat
They look like robots
How are viruses grouped?
According to DNA vs RNA, size, shape, and structure
What are Bacteriophages?
Viruses that attack bacteria
At whose expense can viruses replicate?
The host
What are the steps a virus takes when in a host?
- Attach to susceptible cell
- Penetrate cell interior
- DNA/RNA dictates synthesis of new molecules
- New viruses releases from host cell
Name the phylums or Kingdom protista (8)
- chlorophyta
- chromophyta (diatoms)
- rhodophyta
- euglenophyta
- dinophyta
- charophyta
- myxomycota
- oomycota (water molds)
What kinds of cells do Protists have?
Eukaryotic
What is Chlorophyta?
Green Algae
How many species does Green Algae include?
7500, many forms, widespread habitats WATER
How do Green Algae reproduce and how many nucleus do they have?
Sexually and asexually with a single nucleus
What are some features of Chlamydomonas?
-live in freshwater
pools
-have whip-like flagella on one end pull the cell through the water
-single, cup-shaped chloroplast with one or two pyrenoids inside
Spirogyra is also know as
Pond scum
What are some features of Spirogyra?
-They are common freshwater algae
-They consist of unbranched filaments of cylindrical cells
-frequently float in masses at the surface of quiet waters
-asexual Reproduction by Fragmentation of existing
filaments
-sexual Reproduction by
Papillae fuse and form conjugation tubes
What is Ulva?
Also known as Sea Lettuce, it is multicellular seaweed with flattened green blades
What is Volvox?
Colonial green algae held together in a secretion of gelatinous material
What are examples of Green Algae?
- Chlamydomonas
- Spirogyra
- Ulva
- Volvox
- Chlorella
- Desmids
What are Chlorella?
Widespread green alga composed of tiny spherical cells
What are dismids?
Mostly free-floating and unicellular
What is the most abundant species included under Red Algae?
Seaweed, that occur in warmer and deeper waters
Where does red algae get most of its color?
Phycobilins
What do most red algae species produce?
Agar
Chromophyta includes
Diatoms
Where do diatoms occur?
Both fresh and salt water
Do diatoms like colder or warmer water?
Colder
What is Phaeophyceaes?
Brown Algae
What are some features of brown algae?
- Relativelt large and mostly marine
- Non-unicellular or colonial
- kelp
- Likes cool water
What are two examples of brown algae?
- Sargassum: Floating Brown seaweed
- Fucus: Common rockweed
What shape are Euglenoids?
Spindle-shaped
Not having a cell wall allows Euglenoids to do what?
Change shape as they move
What do Euglenoids contain?
Gullet and a redeye spot
Dinophyta is also know as
Dinoflagellates
Where does the red tide come from?
Dinoflagellates that produce toxins
Which organism is bioluminescent?
Dinoflagellates
Name an organism that is primarily aquatic in shallow freshwater lakes and ponds
Stoneworts
What do stoneworts precipitate on their surface?
Calcium salts
What does a stonewort look like?
Short lateral branches in whorls
What organism reproduces oogamously?
Stoneworts
What is a Myxomycetes?
Plasmodial Slime Molds
What do plasmodial slime molds lack and are incapable of producing?
Lack chlorophyll and cannot produce food
What is animal like during life but fungal like during reproduction?
Plasmodial slime molds
What two organisms resemble fungus but are actually protists
Slime molds and water molds
What can be found on dead insects in the water?
Water molds
Mycelia is made of what?
Coenocytic hyphae
Hyphae is to ____ as mycelia is to ____
thread, shirt
Are sporophytes haploid or diploid?
Diploid
What do sporophytes produce and through what function?
Spores, meiosis
Are gametophytes haploid or diploid?
Haploid
What do gametophytes produce and through what function?
Gametes, mitosis
Fertilization produces what?
Zygotes
Is fertilization haploid or diploid?
Diploid
Name 10 protists by their common name
- green algae
- diatoms
- red algae
- brown algae
- euglenoids
- dinoflagellates
- stoneworts
- plasmodial slime molds
- water molds
What is true of all fungi?
- They are filamentous or unicellular heterotrophs
- Absorb food through cell wall
How many phyla does the fungi kingdom have?
Five– except some chytrids and
Chytrids can also be called
Zoosporic
Zoosporic translates to
Little pot
Name the six phylums in the fungal kingdom
- Chytridomycota
- Zygomycota
- Ascomycota
- Basidiomycota
- Deuteromycota
- Lichens
What do Chytrids include?
Mostly one-celled organisms
Zygomycota is also known as
Coenocytic True Fungi
What famous mold is included in the zygomycota phylum?
Black bread molds
Pilobolus is found on what?
Cow pies
Name an endomycorrhizal fungi
Zygomycota
What wood is used to make baseball bats?
White ash
What is a product of white ash?
Baseball bats
What wood is used to make expensive furniture?
Black walnut
What is a product of
Expensive furniture
What wood is used to make railroad ties?
Bald Cypress
What is a product of bald cypress?
Railroad ties
What wood is used to make bowling pins
Hard maple
What is a product of hard maple?
Bowling pins
What wood is used to make barrels?
White oak
What is a product of white oak?
Barrels
What wood is used to make houses?
White pine
What is a product of white pine?
Structures like houses
What are two characteristics of lignin?
Tough and strong
Definition of dense
Hard to snap, tough
Definition of durable
Long lasting
Is chestnut dense or durable?
Durable and not dense bc its easy to work
What wood is used to make fences?
Chestnut
What is a product of chestnut?
Fences
What are knots in wood?
A place where a leaf was lost and over grown
Give an example of a leaf with a dicot vein
Ginko
What is the oldest tree in the world?
Bristle cone pine
Fruit can look polished because of what?
The cuticle
Sundews resemble what food?
Sticky lollipop
What does a Venus Flytrapp secrete when it closes?
The same as our stomaches
What is a whistle pig?
A groundhog
What is the genus for a dodder plant?
Cuscuta
What transfers DNA between cells for evolution?
Pilus
Where do archaea thrive?
Firehole river, Iceland/North Island NZ, Hot Springs, Guisers
Kingdom protista is also known as a
Junk drawer
Phyla means
Plant
Mycota means
Fungi
What protist is most common?
Chlamydomonas
What organelle is light sensitive?
The eye spot
What organelle assembles food storage units for the cell?
Pyrenoid
Diatoms cell walls are made of what?
Glass in two parts like a shoebox and lid
Superficial melting in the rockies produces sun screening filaments because of what and what is it called?
Red Algae and watermelon snow
Top three most abundant organisms are:
Bacteria, yeast, diatoms
The word wort means what?
Little plant
Witches hair is a
plasmodial slime mold
Auger is
red algae that consumes a lot of bacteria
What percent of lichen are fungal?
90%
What has lead to the amphibian decline?
Chytrids infecting the skin and killing them
What keeps commercial bread from molding as fast?
Preservatives
Pilobolus does what that is interesting?
Pops its cap off between the grass blades to reproduce
