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Plant Biology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between woody and herbaceous?

A

Woody: hard, secondary growth (Oak)
Herbaceous: soft (Dandelion)

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2
Q

What are most annuals?

A

Green and herbaceous and split monocot and dicot

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3
Q

Perennials are mostly

A

herbaceous

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4
Q

Herbaceous dicots have what?

A

Discrete vascular bundles of xylem and phloem

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5
Q

Alternate vs opposite leaf arrangements

A

Alternate means every other and opposite means directly across

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6
Q

Leaves attach at what?

A

A node

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7
Q

Between leaves (nodes) is what?

A

Internodes

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8
Q

What is a blade?

A

A flattened plant of the leaf

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9
Q

What is the blade attached to the twig by? (The little stem)

A

Petiole

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10
Q

What is the angle between the petiole and stem called?

A

The Axil

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11
Q

What is the bud located at the axil called?

A

Axillary bud

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12
Q

What is the bud at the tip called?

A

Terminal bud

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13
Q

Deciduous trees and shrubs have what in the fall?

A

Dormant axillary buds with leaf scars after leaves fall off

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14
Q

What protects the apical meristem before the beginning of the growing season?

A

Bus scales and leaf primordia

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15
Q

The three tissues that the apical meristem develops are

A

The protoderm, pro cambium, and the ground meristem

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16
Q

What two things does the ground meristem include?

A

The pith and the cortex

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17
Q

What is the leaf primodia?

A

It is like a covering that acts as protection for the apical meristem before growing season

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18
Q

Cells produced by the vascular cambium become what?

A

Components of the secondary xylem and secondary phloem

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19
Q

What kind of plants are have the cork cambium?

A

Woody dicots because the cork cambium produces cork cells and phelloderm cells which is essentially bark

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20
Q

How many cells thick is the vascular cambium?

A

One

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21
Q

Which cell is produced by the vascular cambium and is pushed toward the outside?

A

Phloem

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22
Q

Which cell is produced by the vascular cambium and is pushed toward the inside?

A

Xylem

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23
Q

What is an annual ring?

A

One years growth of xylem

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24
Q

Large vessel elements of secondary xylem are called?

A

Spring wood

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25
Q

Smaller and fewer vessel elements of the secondary xylem are called?

A

Summer wood

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26
Q

What do vascular rays do and look like?

A

Lines across the rings and function in lateral conductions of nutrients and water

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27
Q

Mature bark can consist of what?

A

Alternating layers of crushed phloem and cork

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28
Q

What is heartwood?

A

Older, darker wood at the center of the trunk/stem

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29
Q

What is sapwood?

A

Lighter, still-functioning xylem closest to the cambium

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30
Q

Hardwood includes

A

Tracheas and vessel elements

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31
Q

Softwood includes

A

Tracheids, no fibers and vessel elements

Ex. cone-bearing trees

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32
Q

What are bulbs?

A

Large buds surrounded by numerous fleshy leaves, with a small stem at the lower end

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33
Q

Large buds surrounded by numerous fleshy leaves, with a small stem at the lower end

A

Bulbs

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34
Q

Corms

A

Resemble bulbs, but composed almost entirely of stem tissue

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35
Q

Resemble bulbs, but composed almost entirely of stem tissue

A

Corms

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36
Q

Cladophylls

A

Flattened, leaf-life stems

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37
Q

Flattened, leaf-life stems

A

Cladophylls

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38
Q

Thorns

A

Modified stems

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39
Q

Modified stems

A

Thorns

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40
Q

Tendrils

A

Vines

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41
Q

Vines

A

Tendrils

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42
Q

Rhizomes

A

Horizontal stems that grow below-ground

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43
Q

Horizontal stems that grow below-ground

A

Rhizomes

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44
Q

Runners

A

Horizontal stems that generally grow along surface

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45
Q

Horizontal stems that generally grow along surface

A

Runners

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46
Q

Stolons

A

Produced beneath the surface of the ground and tend to grow in different directions

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47
Q

Produced beneath the surface of the ground and tend to grow in different directions

A

Stolons

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48
Q

What is a Dicotyledon?

A

Flowering plants that develop from seeds with two seed leaved: secondary growth

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49
Q

What is a Monocotyledon?

A

Flowering plants that develop from seeds with a single seed leaf: no secondary growth

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50
Q

What kinds of stems have neither a vascular cambium or a cork cambium? AKA no secondary tissues or cork

A

Monocot stems

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51
Q

In monocot stems vascular bundles look like what?

A

Monkey faces

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52
Q

What does 50% of wood weight come from? (In a living tree)

A

Water

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53
Q

Dry weight is composed of

A

60-75% cellulose, and 15-20% Lignin

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54
Q

What are knots?

A

Bases of lost branches covered by new annual rings

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55
Q

Half of wood production goes toward what?

A

Construction, lumber

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56
Q

What is veneer?

A

Thin sheet of desirable wood glued to cheap wood

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57
Q

Examples of pulp are:

A

Paper, newspaper

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58
Q

Most timber/wood is used for what in other countries?

A

Fuelwood

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59
Q

What percent of wood is used as fuelwood in US and Canada?

A

<10%

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60
Q

What qualifies as a simple leaf?

A

It has a single blade

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61
Q

What qualifies as a compound leaf?

A

It is divided into leaflets

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62
Q

Where do leaves attach to stems?

A

At nodes

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63
Q

The region between nodes is called

A

Internodes

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64
Q

What is phyllotaxy?

A

Leaf arrangement

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65
Q

What are the three types of leaf arrangements and describe them

A
  • Alternate (Every other)
  • Opposite(“Back to back”)
  • Whorled (All around one point)
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66
Q

What would leaflets in pairs along the rachis be called?

A

Pinnately compound

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67
Q

What would leaflets attached at the same point at the end of the petiole be called?

A

Palmately compound

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68
Q

Pinnately compound leaves can further be divided and called

A

Bipinnately compound

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69
Q

Veins are also classified as

A

pinnate or palmate

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70
Q

Which type of veined leaf has a main midvein

A

Pinnately

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71
Q

What are the veins the branch out from the mid vein called?

A

Secondary veins

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72
Q

Which type of veined leaf has several primary veins that fan out from the base of the blade?

A

Palmate

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73
Q

Parallel venation occurs in

A

Monocots

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74
Q

Reticulate venation is also known as

A

Net veins

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75
Q

Fan leaves have what kind of veins?

A

Dichotomous

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76
Q

How many cells thick is the epidermis?

A

One

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77
Q

What does the epidermis do?

A

Protects the plant as a covering and a waxy cuticle is present

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78
Q

The upper epidermal cells are devoid of what?

A

Chloroplasts

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79
Q

Green leaves use sunlight for what?

A

Photosynthesis

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80
Q

Stomata dots which side of leave surfaces?

A

The lower surface

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81
Q

What do stomata do?

A

Allow CO2 to enter and O2 and water to diffuse out

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82
Q

What do guard cells do?

A

Control stomatal openings

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83
Q

When water evaporates from the leaf surface what is it called?

A

Transpiration

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84
Q

Photosynthesis takes place in where and between what two layers?

A

In the mesophyll between the epidermal layers

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85
Q

Palisade mesophyll

A

Uppermost layer that contains most chloroplasts

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86
Q

Spongy mesophyll

A

Lower layer with airspace

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87
Q

Veins are also known as what?

A

Vascular bundles

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88
Q

Where are vascular bundles/veins present?

A

Throughout the mesophyll

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89
Q

What are vascular bundles made of?

A

Xylem, phloem, bundle sheath

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90
Q

What are spines?

A

Modified leaves designed to reduce water loss and protect from herbivory

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91
Q

What are prickles?

A

Outgrowths from the epidermis or cortex

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92
Q

What are succulents?

A

Storage leaves

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93
Q

What are leaves buried in the ground called?

A

Window leaves

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94
Q

What are reproductive leaves?

A

Leaves that produce new plants at the tips

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95
Q

What are floral leaves called?

A

Bracts

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96
Q

Chlorophylls relate to what color?

A

Green

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97
Q

Carotenoids relate to what color?

A

Yellow

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98
Q

What happens in fall?

A

The chlorophylls break down and other colors are revealed

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99
Q

Betacyanins relate to what color and where are they present?

A

Red and in the vacuole

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100
Q

Anthocyanin’s relate to what color?

A

Blue or red

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101
Q

Deciduous means what?

A

It sheds leaves annually/seasonally

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102
Q

How do plants know when to drop their leaves?

A

There is a change in an abscission zone near the petiole

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103
Q

After the leaves drop where does suberin come in?

A

It coats and impregrates the area for protection

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104
Q

Give four examples of Insect-Trapping leaves

A
  • venus flytrap
  • bladderwort
  • sundew
  • pitcher plant
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105
Q

Give uses for leaves (7)

A
  • landscaping
  • food
  • dyes
  • rope/twine
  • drugs
  • insecticides
  • waxes
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106
Q

6CO2 + 12H2O + light–> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

A

Photosynthesis

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107
Q

Photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 12H2O + light –> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

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108
Q

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

A

Cellular Respiration

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109
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

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110
Q

C6H12O6 –> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + energy

A

Fermentation

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111
Q

Fermentation

A

C6H12O6 –> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + energy

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112
Q

Ethanol (C2H5OH) and CO2 are created from what

A

Yeast breaking down glucose in fermentation:

Makes bread and beer

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113
Q

How much of radiant energy is received on Earth in the form of visible light?

A

40%

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114
Q

How much light reaching them absorbed by leaves?

A

80%

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115
Q

Light intensity varies with (5)

A
  • time of day
  • season
  • elevation
  • latitude
  • atm composition
116
Q

Engelmann’s experiment

A

Wanted to see where in the light spectrum bacteria would gravitate toward

117
Q

Bacteria like which colors/wavelengths best?

A

Violet 400, red 700

118
Q

What percentage of water absorbed by plants is used for photosynthesis?

A

Less than 1%

119
Q

How does the plant react when water is in short supply?

A

The stomata close and reduce the supple of CO2 available for photosynthesis

120
Q

How does water enter the plant?

A

Through root hairs

121
Q

How does water travel throughout the plant?

A

Upward through the xylem

122
Q

What tissue acts like a tube, sucking water up due to tension?

A

Xylem

123
Q

What is transpiration?

A

When water enters a plant passing into leaf air spaces and evaporates through the stomata

124
Q

How much water is transpired?

A

More than 90%

125
Q

How much water escapes through the cuticle?

A

Less than 5%

126
Q

How does CO2 reach chloroplasts in the mesophyll?

A

It diffuses through the stomata into the leaf interior

127
Q

What activities have lead to excess CO2 in the atm? (3)

A
  • fossil fuels
  • deforestation
  • humans
128
Q

How do activities like deforestation lead to excess CO2 in the atm?

A

It enhances photosynthesis where plants counter-balance by developing fewer stomata with leads to global warming

129
Q

What color relates to chlorophyll a?

A

Blue-green

130
Q

What color relates to chlorophyll b?

A

Yellow-green

131
Q

What color relates to carotenoids?

A

Yellow and orange

132
Q

What color relates to phycobilins?

A

Blue or red

133
Q

One photosynthetic unit includes how many pigments?

A

250-400

134
Q

Name two types of molecular movement

A

Osmosis and diffusion

135
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration until equilibrium is reached

136
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water through a permeable membrane (still more to less concentrated)

137
Q

How does water enter a cell?

A

Through osmosis

138
Q

Do plants need macronutrients or micronutrients in greater amount?

A

Macronutrients

139
Q

What is the important acronym for the elements

A

CHOPKNS CaFe MgNaCl CuMn CoZn MoB

140
Q

What does the element acronym stand for?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Sodium, Chlorine, Copper, Manganese, Cobalt, Zinc, Molybdenum, Boron

141
Q

Who was the first to attempt to classify plants and when?

A

Theophrastus in 4th century BC

142
Q

How many plants did Theophrastus classify and what did he base his classifications on?

A

500, leaf characteristics

143
Q

When did classification by fruit, structure, and habit start?

A

18th century

144
Q

What is genera?

A

First classifying word, typically latin, indicating genus

145
Q

Linnaeus set out to do what?

A

Classify all known plants and animals according to genera

146
Q

Linnaeus started sub classifying by what?

A

Species

147
Q

The abbreviated names of plants are

A

binomials

148
Q

Abbreviated name example and what each word means:

A

Menthe Spicata L.
First word genus
Second word species
L. for Linnaeus

149
Q

What is the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature?

A

Single book with a common index on how to name a plant basically idk

150
Q

Early classification only had organisms split into two kingdoms:

A

Plants or Animals

151
Q

When was a third kingdom proposed and by who?

A

Hogg and Haeckel 1860

152
Q

What was the third kingdom?

A

Kingdom Protoctista (Protista)

153
Q

What change was made to the kingdoms in 1938?

A

Copland proposed all single-celled organisms should have a group: Monera

154
Q

What change was made to the kingdoms in 1969?

A

Whittaker split fungi from protista

155
Q

What change was made to the kingdoms in 1990?

A

Fonera should be split into Archaea and Bacteria

156
Q

Now there are how many kingdoms and what are they?

A

6:
- Archaea
- Bacteria
- Protista
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Animalia

157
Q

From broad to narrow what are the taxonomic ranks?

A
  • domain
  • kingdom
  • phylum
  • class
  • order
  • family
  • genus
  • species
158
Q

What is cladistics?

A

A method of examining a natural relationships based on shared features

159
Q

Occams Razor means what?

A

Simpler is better

160
Q

Name the four characteristics of Archaea and Bacteria

A
  • Prokaryotic cells
  • Nucleoid instead of nucleus
  • Nutrition is gained through absorbing food through the cell wall
  • Asexual mainly…so fission
161
Q

How big are the smallest living organisms (Archaea and Bacteria)

A

Less than 2 or 3 micrometers in diameter

162
Q

How old are archaea and bacteria?

A

3.5 billion years old

163
Q

What is the most numerous living organism?

A

Archaea and bacteria

164
Q

What are the three forms or archaea and bacteria?

A
  • Cocci: spherical or elliptical
  • Bacilli: rod shaped of cylindrical
  • Spirilla: helix or spiral
165
Q

What do bacteria do?

A

Decompose

166
Q

Where in the food chain are bacteria?

A

The bottom

167
Q

Bacteria are..

A

Nitrogen fixing

168
Q

Bacterias evolution is

A

Short term

169
Q

Archaea were recognized as distinct in what year?

A

1977

170
Q

How do archaea and bacteria differ?

A

Their metabolisms are different

171
Q

Where do Archaea were first found in what kind of environment?

A

Extreme

172
Q

What is the largest group of archaea?

A

Methane bacteria

173
Q

You can produce methane from what?

A

Carbon dioxide and hydrogen

174
Q

What are some commercial uses for methane?

A

captured from landfills, it can be burned to produce electricity, heat buildings, or power garbage trucks.

175
Q

What are Cyanobacteria also known as?

A

Blue-Green Bacteria/Blue-Green Algae

176
Q

What distinguished cyanobacteria from traditional bacteria?

A
  • cyanobactera have chlorophyll a and O2 produced in photosynthesis
  • they contain phycobilins
  • they can fix nitrogen and produce O2
177
Q

What type of year and where do many aquatic photosynthetic organisms become abundant?
What is it known as?

A

Fresh water in warmer months

Algal blooms

178
Q

What do algal blooms lead to?

A

Swimmers itch and nitrogen fixation

179
Q

What distinguishes prochlorobacteria?

A

-It posses chlorophyll a and b of higher plants but has no phycobilin pigments like cyanobacteria

Originated from cells living in cells of other organisms

180
Q

What do viruses lack?

A

Cellular structure

181
Q

What do viruses consist of?

A

Nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein coat

They look like robots

182
Q

How are viruses grouped?

A

According to DNA vs RNA, size, shape, and structure

183
Q

What are Bacteriophages?

A

Viruses that attack bacteria

184
Q

At whose expense can viruses replicate?

A

The host

185
Q

What are the steps a virus takes when in a host?

A
  • Attach to susceptible cell
  • Penetrate cell interior
  • DNA/RNA dictates synthesis of new molecules
  • New viruses releases from host cell
186
Q

Name the phylums or Kingdom protista (8)

A
  • chlorophyta
  • chromophyta (diatoms)
  • rhodophyta
  • euglenophyta
  • dinophyta
  • charophyta
  • myxomycota
  • oomycota (water molds)
187
Q

What kinds of cells do Protists have?

A

Eukaryotic

188
Q

What is Chlorophyta?

A

Green Algae

189
Q

How many species does Green Algae include?

A

7500, many forms, widespread habitats WATER

190
Q

How do Green Algae reproduce and how many nucleus do they have?

A

Sexually and asexually with a single nucleus

191
Q

What are some features of Chlamydomonas?

A

-live in freshwater
pools
-have whip-like flagella on one end pull the cell through the water
-single, cup-shaped chloroplast with one or two pyrenoids inside

192
Q

Spirogyra is also know as

A

Pond scum

193
Q

What are some features of Spirogyra?

A

-They are common freshwater algae
-They consist of unbranched filaments of cylindrical cells
-frequently float in masses at the surface of quiet waters
-asexual Reproduction by Fragmentation of existing
filaments
-sexual Reproduction by
Papillae fuse and form conjugation tubes

194
Q

What is Ulva?

A

Also known as Sea Lettuce, it is multicellular seaweed with flattened green blades

195
Q

What is Volvox?

A

Colonial green algae held together in a secretion of gelatinous material

196
Q

What are examples of Green Algae?

A
  • Chlamydomonas
  • Spirogyra
  • Ulva
  • Volvox
  • Chlorella
  • Desmids
197
Q

What are Chlorella?

A

Widespread green alga composed of tiny spherical cells

198
Q

What are dismids?

A

Mostly free-floating and unicellular

199
Q

What is the most abundant species included under Red Algae?

A

Seaweed, that occur in warmer and deeper waters

200
Q

Where does red algae get most of its color?

A

Phycobilins

201
Q

What do most red algae species produce?

A

Agar

202
Q

Chromophyta includes

A

Diatoms

203
Q

Where do diatoms occur?

A

Both fresh and salt water

204
Q

Do diatoms like colder or warmer water?

A

Colder

205
Q

What is Phaeophyceaes?

A

Brown Algae

206
Q

What are some features of brown algae?

A
  • Relativelt large and mostly marine
  • Non-unicellular or colonial
  • kelp
  • Likes cool water
207
Q

What are two examples of brown algae?

A
  • Sargassum: Floating Brown seaweed

- Fucus: Common rockweed

208
Q

What shape are Euglenoids?

A

Spindle-shaped

209
Q

Not having a cell wall allows Euglenoids to do what?

A

Change shape as they move

210
Q

What do Euglenoids contain?

A

Gullet and a redeye spot

211
Q

Dinophyta is also know as

A

Dinoflagellates

212
Q

Where does the red tide come from?

A

Dinoflagellates that produce toxins

213
Q

Which organism is bioluminescent?

A

Dinoflagellates

214
Q

Name an organism that is primarily aquatic in shallow freshwater lakes and ponds

A

Stoneworts

215
Q

What do stoneworts precipitate on their surface?

A

Calcium salts

216
Q

What does a stonewort look like?

A

Short lateral branches in whorls

217
Q

What organism reproduces oogamously?

A

Stoneworts

218
Q

What is a Myxomycetes?

A

Plasmodial Slime Molds

219
Q

What do plasmodial slime molds lack and are incapable of producing?

A

Lack chlorophyll and cannot produce food

220
Q

What is animal like during life but fungal like during reproduction?

A

Plasmodial slime molds

221
Q

What two organisms resemble fungus but are actually protists

A

Slime molds and water molds

222
Q

What can be found on dead insects in the water?

A

Water molds

223
Q

Mycelia is made of what?

A

Coenocytic hyphae

224
Q

Hyphae is to ____ as mycelia is to ____

A

thread, shirt

225
Q

Are sporophytes haploid or diploid?

A

Diploid

226
Q

What do sporophytes produce and through what function?

A

Spores, meiosis

227
Q

Are gametophytes haploid or diploid?

A

Haploid

228
Q

What do gametophytes produce and through what function?

A

Gametes, mitosis

229
Q

Fertilization produces what?

A

Zygotes

230
Q

Is fertilization haploid or diploid?

A

Diploid

231
Q

Name 10 protists by their common name

A
  • green algae
  • diatoms
  • red algae
  • brown algae
  • euglenoids
  • dinoflagellates
  • stoneworts
  • plasmodial slime molds
  • water molds
232
Q

What is true of all fungi?

A
  • They are filamentous or unicellular heterotrophs

- Absorb food through cell wall

233
Q

How many phyla does the fungi kingdom have?

A

Five– except some chytrids and

234
Q

Chytrids can also be called

A

Zoosporic

235
Q

Zoosporic translates to

A

Little pot

236
Q

Name the six phylums in the fungal kingdom

A
  • Chytridomycota
  • Zygomycota
  • Ascomycota
  • Basidiomycota
  • Deuteromycota
  • Lichens
237
Q

What do Chytrids include?

A

Mostly one-celled organisms

238
Q

Zygomycota is also known as

A

Coenocytic True Fungi

239
Q

What famous mold is included in the zygomycota phylum?

A

Black bread molds

240
Q

Pilobolus is found on what?

A

Cow pies

241
Q

Name an endomycorrhizal fungi

A

Zygomycota

242
Q

What wood is used to make baseball bats?

A

White ash

243
Q

What is a product of white ash?

A

Baseball bats

244
Q

What wood is used to make expensive furniture?

A

Black walnut

245
Q

What is a product of

A

Expensive furniture

246
Q

What wood is used to make railroad ties?

A

Bald Cypress

247
Q

What is a product of bald cypress?

A

Railroad ties

248
Q

What wood is used to make bowling pins

A

Hard maple

249
Q

What is a product of hard maple?

A

Bowling pins

250
Q

What wood is used to make barrels?

A

White oak

251
Q

What is a product of white oak?

A

Barrels

252
Q

What wood is used to make houses?

A

White pine

253
Q

What is a product of white pine?

A

Structures like houses

254
Q

What are two characteristics of lignin?

A

Tough and strong

255
Q

Definition of dense

A

Hard to snap, tough

256
Q

Definition of durable

A

Long lasting

257
Q

Is chestnut dense or durable?

A

Durable and not dense bc its easy to work

258
Q

What wood is used to make fences?

A

Chestnut

259
Q

What is a product of chestnut?

A

Fences

260
Q

What are knots in wood?

A

A place where a leaf was lost and over grown

261
Q

Give an example of a leaf with a dicot vein

A

Ginko

262
Q

What is the oldest tree in the world?

A

Bristle cone pine

263
Q

Fruit can look polished because of what?

A

The cuticle

264
Q

Sundews resemble what food?

A

Sticky lollipop

265
Q

What does a Venus Flytrapp secrete when it closes?

A

The same as our stomaches

266
Q

What is a whistle pig?

A

A groundhog

267
Q

What is the genus for a dodder plant?

A

Cuscuta

268
Q

What transfers DNA between cells for evolution?

A

Pilus

269
Q

Where do archaea thrive?

A

Firehole river, Iceland/North Island NZ, Hot Springs, Guisers

270
Q

Kingdom protista is also known as a

A

Junk drawer

271
Q

Phyla means

A

Plant

272
Q

Mycota means

A

Fungi

273
Q

What protist is most common?

A

Chlamydomonas

274
Q

What organelle is light sensitive?

A

The eye spot

275
Q

What organelle assembles food storage units for the cell?

A

Pyrenoid

276
Q

Diatoms cell walls are made of what?

A

Glass in two parts like a shoebox and lid

277
Q

Superficial melting in the rockies produces sun screening filaments because of what and what is it called?

A

Red Algae and watermelon snow

278
Q

Top three most abundant organisms are:

A

Bacteria, yeast, diatoms

279
Q

The word wort means what?

A

Little plant

280
Q

Witches hair is a

A

plasmodial slime mold

281
Q

Auger is

A

red algae that consumes a lot of bacteria

282
Q

What percent of lichen are fungal?

A

90%

283
Q

What has lead to the amphibian decline?

A

Chytrids infecting the skin and killing them

284
Q

What keeps commercial bread from molding as fast?

A

Preservatives

285
Q

Pilobolus does what that is interesting?

A

Pops its cap off between the grass blades to reproduce

Plant Biology (4 decks)

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