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Plant Biology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell Theory

A

Every living thing is made of cells: cannot be proved/disproved because there isn’t access to every living thing

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2
Q

Mycology

A

Study of fungi: mushrooms and related forms

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3
Q

Bryology

A

Study of bryophytes: mosses and related forms

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4
Q

Levels of study (9)

A
  • molecules
  • organelles
  • cells
  • tissues
  • organs
  • individual organism
  • population
  • community
  • ecosystem
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5
Q

Population

A

Same kind, same location

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6
Q

Community

A

Very diverse, many kinds, one location

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7
Q

Ecosystem

A

Made by community and environment, varies by choice

Ex. log, forrest, Earth

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8
Q

Chloroplasts are

A

Organelles

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9
Q

Tissues can be told apart because

A

The cells that make them up are similar

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10
Q

Leaves, stems, and roots are

A

Organs

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11
Q

Ecosystems change due to (6) things:

A
  • temperature*
  • moisture*
  • topography (mountains, flat, etc)
  • human/animal influence
  • disturbance factors (floods, volcanoes)
  • time
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12
Q

When was Earth formed?

A

4.6 billion years ago

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13
Q

When was the formation of life?

A

3.8 billion years ago

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14
Q

When was the first evidence of fossilization?

A

3.5 billion years ago

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15
Q

When did photosynthesis begin and the atmosphere begin to change? (range)

A

2.5-1.8 billion years ago

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16
Q

When were the first Eukaryotic cells formed?

A

1 billion years ago

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17
Q

When were the first multicellular organisms?

A

750 million years ago

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18
Q

When was the invasion of land by plants?

A

460 million years ago

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19
Q

When did the first flowering plants appear?

A

160 million years ago

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20
Q

When did agriculture develop?

A

12,000 years ago

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21
Q

What was most likely the first terrestrial organism?

A

Algae, no fossils

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22
Q

Most life was formed where?

A

Water

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23
Q

1 millimeter is = to how many micrometers?

A

1,000 micrometers

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24
Q

How thick is 1,000 micrometers?

A

About the thickness of a dime

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25
Q

How big is a cell?

A

1 micrometer

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26
Q

Who is credited with “discovering” cells and in what year?

A

Hooke, 1966 ish

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27
Q

Which microscope increases magnification as light passes through a series of transparent lenses made of glass?

A

Light microscope

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28
Q

What can a light microscope do?

A

Distinguish organelles

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29
Q

What are the two types of light microscopes and their magnification?

A

Compound, 1500x and Dissecting, 30x

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30
Q

Which microscope produces a beam of electrons when high-voltage electricity passes through a wire?

A

Electron Microscope

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31
Q

What are the two types of electron microscopes and their magnification?

A

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), 200,000x with thin material and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), 10,000x 3D

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32
Q

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic

A

Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus and are typically smaller
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus (mostly) and membrane bound organelles

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33
Q

What does the cell wall do?

A

Surrounds protoplasts

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34
Q

What are protoplasts?

A

All living cell components bound by the plasma membrane

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35
Q

How much room does a vacuole take up?

A

Most of the interior and squeezes the organelles to the sides

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36
Q

What increased efficiency in cell communication

A

Small cells, more surface area touching

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37
Q

What material is the cell wall structures from, and what is another example of it?

A

Cellulose, cotton

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38
Q

What are two characteristics of cellulose?

A

Strong and fibrous

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39
Q

What other materials help structure the cell wall?

A

Hemicellulose, pectin, glycoproteins

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40
Q

What is considered the mortar that holds bricks together?

A

Middle Lamella

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41
Q

When is middle lamella produced?

A

When new cell walls are formed

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42
Q

Secondary walls are derived from what?

A

Primary walls and lignin

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43
Q

What is Lignin?

A

Secondary growth, makes plants larger and harder

Ex. Lettuce vs an Oak. Oak has much more lignin

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44
Q

How do cells communicate?

A

Fluids and dissolved liquids/substances can pass through primary walls in gaps

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45
Q

What are the gaps/tunnels through the cell wall which cells communicate called?

A

Plasmodesmata

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46
Q

Which component of the cell has a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins?

A

Plasma Membrane

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47
Q

What component is bound by two membranes and has structurally complex pores that occupy 1/3 of the surface area?

A

Nucleus

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48
Q

What does nucleoplasm look like?

A

Short fibers

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49
Q

What does the Endoplasmic Reticulum do?

A

Facilitates cellular communication and material channeling

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50
Q

What does the Endoplasmic Reticulum look like?

A

Enclosed space consisting of a network of flattening sacs and tubes forming channels throughout the cytoplasm

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51
Q

What happens in the Rough ER and what does it look like?

A

Protein synthesis, Ribosomes are distributed on the outer surface
Ex. backpacks on a table

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52
Q

What happens in the Smooth ER and what does it look like?

A

Lipid Secretion, devoid of Ribosomes

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53
Q

What are Ribosomes composed of?

A

Two subunits made of RNA and proteins

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54
Q

What is another name for Dictyosomes?

A

Gogli bodies

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55
Q

What do Dictyosomes look like?

A

A stack of pancakes

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56
Q

What is the most conspicuous plastid?

A

Chloroplasts

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57
Q

What do each chloroplast contain?

A

Stroma and Grana

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58
Q

What is Stoma?

A

Enzyme filled liquid

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59
Q

What is Grana?

A

Stack of thylakoids

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60
Q

What to thylakoids contain and where?

A

Chlorophyll in the membrane

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61
Q

What chemical rxn occurs in the granum?

A

Photosynthesis

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62
Q

What color are chloroplasts?

A

Green

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63
Q

What color are Chromoplasts?

A

Red/orange

Ex. Tomato/pepper

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64
Q

What color are Leucoplasts?

A

Clear

Ex. Potato

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65
Q

Mitochondria is the __________ of the cell

A

Powerhouse

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66
Q

What does the Mitochondria do?

A

Releases energy produced from cellular respiration

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67
Q

What are the folds of the inner membrane of the mitochondria called?

A

Cristae

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68
Q

What do the cristae do?

A

Increase surface area available to enzymes in the matrix fluid

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69
Q

What can take up to 90% of the cell volume?

A

Central Vacuole bound by the vacuolar membrane

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70
Q

What is the vacuolar membrane called?

A

Tonoplast

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71
Q

What substance helps maintain pressure in the cell and contains what?

A

Cell sap, water-soluble pigments

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72
Q

An intricate network of microtubules and microfilaments

A

Cytoskeleton

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73
Q

What does a microtubule do?

A

Controls the addition of cellulose to the cell wall

Ex. The scaffolding of a house

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74
Q

What do microfilaments do?

A

Play a major role in the contraction and movements of cells in multicellular animals
Ex. Most plants (oaks) do not have the ability to move

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75
Q

What is another name for Cytoplasmic streaming?

A

Cyclosis

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76
Q

What is Cyclosis?

A

Movement inside the cell

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77
Q

Cell division is a process also referred to as

A

The Cell Cycle

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78
Q

Interphase has how many parts and what are they?

A

Three: G1, S, G2

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79
Q

What does the G1 phase do?

A

Increases in size

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80
Q

What does the S phase do?

A

DNA replication

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81
Q

What does the G2 phase do?

A

The mitochondria divide and microtubules are produced

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82
Q

What is the other part of the cell cycle besides interphase?

A

Mitosis

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83
Q

How many parts are there in mitosis?

A

Four: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

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84
Q

What does mitosis produce?

A

Two daughter cells that are exact copies (except in rare cases)

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85
Q

Where does reproduction occur in plants?

A

Meristem

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86
Q

What happens in prophase?

A
  • chromosomes condense
  • nuclear envelope disappears
  • spindle fibers develop
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87
Q

How many parts of a chromosome is a chromatid?

A

Two

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88
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A
  • chromosomes line up at center

- spindle fibers attach

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89
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A
  • sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite poles
  • spindles shorten
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90
Q

What happens in telophase?

A
  • opposite of prophase

- cell plate appears

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91
Q

What is a centromere?

A

Ex. Everyone is wearing a belt and has to put the buckle on the floor, the buckles are the centromere

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92
Q

How are plant tissues able to be identified?

A

By groups of cells that are the same structure and function (they look alike and are roughly the same size)

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93
Q

How many Meristematic tissues are there and what happens in the meristem?

A

Three: Apical, Lateral, Intercalary. Reproduction!

94
Q

What is a meristem?

A

A permanent region of active cell division

95
Q

Where is the Apical meristem located?

A

In the tips of roots and shoots (at the ends)

96
Q

What does the apical meristem do?

A

It increases length to make the plant and its roots taller

97
Q

Production of new cells by the apical meristem is what kind of growth?

A

Primary

98
Q

Examples of primary meristems are

A

protoderm, ground meristem and procambium

99
Q

Where is the protoderm?

A

On the outside, as a covering, like skin– epidermis

100
Q

Where is the ground meristem?

A

In the middle acting as a fill-in– produces tissues composed of parenchyma

101
Q

Where is the procambium?

A

In the middle because it is vascular– produces primary xylem and phloem cells

102
Q

What does the Lateral meristem do?

A

Produces secondary growth

103
Q

What are the two Lateral meristems

A

Vascular cambium and cork cambium

104
Q

What does the vascular cambium do?

A

Produces secondary vascular tissue

105
Q

What does the cork cambium do?

A

Produces new covering (bark)

106
Q

What is the difference between simple and complex tissues?

A

Simple tissue deals with and has one type of cell, while complex has multiple cells/tissues

107
Q

Name three simple tissues

A

Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma

108
Q

What does parenchyma do/look like?

A

Reproductive and thin, like bubbles

109
Q

What does collenchyma do/look like?

A

Reproductive and thick on the corners, stringy (celery)

110
Q

What does sclerenchyma do/look like?

A

Thick tough walls, dead when mature and fully functioning, contains lignin

111
Q

Name two types or parenchyma and define then

A
  • Aerenchyma: lots of air spaces

- Chlorenchyma: contains chloroplasts

112
Q

What does collenchyma do?

A

It contains a living cytoplast and may live for period of time providing flexible temporary support

113
Q

Name two types of sclerenchyma and define them

A
  • Sclereids: stone cells, any shape with lumen filled with lignin
  • Fibers: elongated, contain lumen, act as support
114
Q

Name three complex tissues

A

Xylem, phloem, epidermis

115
Q

What does the xylem do?

A

Main conducting tissue for water and minerals absorbed by the root

116
Q

Types of xylem

A
  • vessels, long tubes open at each end, major evolutionary step
  • Tracheids, tapered at ends with pits
  • Rays, allow for lateral conduction
117
Q

What do pits do in tracheids?

A

They allow water passage between cells

118
Q

Which came first, the vessel or the tracheid?

A

The tracheid

119
Q

What does the torus do in a pit?

A

It controls water/mineral flow in and out on the cell

120
Q

What does the phloem do?

A

Conducts dissolved food materials produced by photosynthesis throughout the plant, sugar and food movement

121
Q

What is a Sieve Tube member?

A

Large, cylindrical cells that only have a cytoplasm

122
Q

What is a Sieve plate?

A

A porous region in the Sieve tube, looks like a shower drain

123
Q

What are companion cells?

A

Narrowed, tapered, nucleus of companion cell directs that cell and the sieve tube member cell

124
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

Outermost cell layer like skin, one cell thick

125
Q

What does the epidermis secrete?

A

A fatty substance called cutin on outer walls to prevent water loss

126
Q

Root epidermal cells produce what?

A

Root hairs

127
Q

What borders the stomata in leaves

A

Guard cells

128
Q

What are trichomes?

A

Plant hairs

129
Q

What is the point of having trichomes?

A

To protect from insects

130
Q

Secretory cells can function in one of two ways:

A

Individually or as a secretory tissue

131
Q

What are some examples or secretory tissues/cells?

A

Nectar, citrus oil, mucilage or glandular (waste product), latex (milk weed)

132
Q

What does the periderm make up?

A

The outer bark

133
Q

What is the periderm made up of?

A

Cork cells, and suberin that has been secreted into the walls from the cytoplasm

134
Q

What is a lenticel?

A

Cork cambium loosely arranged around pockets of parenchyma (holes in the bark so you can breathe)

135
Q

What are aerial roots?

A

Above ground roots

136
Q

Name two major types or roots

A
  • Fibrous root system: monocotyledonous (monocot)
  • —grasses, many root
  • Taproot system: dicotyledonous (dicot)
  • —carrot, one main root
137
Q

Root development begins with what?

A

Seed germination

138
Q

What is the radicle?

A

The lower portion of the embryo

139
Q

What is the root cap, what type of cell is it made of, what does it look like, what are the functions?

A

Thimble-shaped mass or parenchyma cells covering each root tip and it protects from damage to the tissue and functions in gravity perception

140
Q

Where is the region of cell division?

A

The apical meristem (center of the root tip) at the edge of the inverted cup-shaped zone

141
Q

What happens at the region of elongation?

A

The cells become several times their original length

142
Q

What is the region of maturation?

A

Cells differentiate into various cell types, root hairs form, absorb water and minerals, thin cuticle

143
Q

What is the cortex?

A

Cells that store food

144
Q

What does the cortex contain?

A

The endodermis where the cell walls impregnated with superin to form casparian strips

145
Q

What do Caspian strips do?

A

They force water and dissolved substances coming and going through the plasma membrane of the endodermal cells

146
Q

Where is the vascular cylinder

A

Inside the endodermis

147
Q

Where is the pericycle and what does it originate?

A

Directly inside the inner boundary of the endodermis and it originates lateral roots

148
Q

What is the difference between determinate and indeterminate?

A

Determinate growth stops at a certain size, whereas indeterminate growth continuously adds new tissues

149
Q

What kind of roots are sweet potatoes?

A

Food storage roots

150
Q

What kind of roots are the pumpkin family?

A

Water storage roots

151
Q

What kind of roots are fruit trees (that have buds that develop into suckers)

A

Propagative roots

152
Q

What is a pneumatophore?

A

Spongy roots that extend above the waters surface (enhance gas exchange)
Ex. Lily

153
Q

What are aerial roots?

A

Roots not is the soil (AIRial)

Ex. Orchids

154
Q

What are contractile roots and what is an example?

A

They pull the plant deeper into the soil

Ex. Lily bulbs

155
Q

What is a buttress root do and what does it look like?

A

It helps stabilize the tree, usually tropical and it looks like a wall

156
Q

What are parasitic roots and what is an example?

A

They are plants that have no chlorophyll and are dependent of chlorophyll-bearing plants for nutrition
Ex. Dodder, Cancer root

157
Q

What does Mycorrhizae form?

A

A mutualistic association with plant roots
A fungus is able to absorb phosphorus and other nutrients to give to the plant is exchange for photosynthesized sugars (food)

158
Q

What are the two types of Mycorrhizae? Examples?

A

Ectomycorrhizae (outside the plant)
Ex. mushrooms
Endomycorrhizae (inside the cell)
Ex. Invade cell

159
Q

What is important about the root nodules in a plant like clover?

A

There is a bacteria that produces enzymes that convert nitrogen into nitrates etc. Nitrogen-Fixing bacteria

160
Q

What is the taxonomic name for the Legume Family?

A

Fabaceae

161
Q

Through what interactions is soil formed? (6)

A
  • cliimate
  • parent material
  • topography
  • vegetation
  • living organisms
  • time
162
Q

What does the solid portion of the soil consist of?

A

Minerals and organic matter

163
Q

What are pore spaces?

A

Space between solid particles usually filled with air or water

164
Q

What is Horizon A?

A

Topsoil

Dark, rich, and contains the most organic matter

165
Q

What is Horizon B?

A

Subsoil

More clay, lighter in color

166
Q

What is Horizon C?

A

Mineral soil

Not broken down into smaller particles

167
Q

How do climates define soils?

A

Deserts: little weathering due to low rainfall
Grasslands: Moderate rainfall and well-developed soils
Rainforests: Excess rain and nutrients quick leave the soil

168
Q

How does topography affect soils?

A

Steep areas can erode from wind or water

Flat areas can flood and contain little oxygen

169
Q

What is the most desirable loam consist of?

A

40% silt, 40% sand, and 20% clay

170
Q

What is wrong with coarse soils?

A

They drain water too quickly

171
Q

What is wrong with dense soils?

A

They have poor drainage

172
Q

In the upper 30 cm of agricultural soil, how much of the total soil weight do living organism make up?

A

1/1000th of the total weight

173
Q

What do bacteria and fungus do in the soil?

A

Decompose organic material

174
Q

What gives soil its dark color?

A

Humus, partially decomposed organic matter

175
Q

What is hygroscopic water?

A

Water that is physically bound to soil particles and is unavailable to plants

176
Q

What is gravitational water?

A

Water that drains out of pore spaces after is rains

177
Q

What is capillary water?

A

Water held against the force of gravity in soil pores

178
Q

What is field capacity?

A

Water remaining in the soil after drainage by gravity

179
Q

What is permanent wilting point?

A

The rate of water absorption is insufficient for plant needs

180
Q

What is available water?

A

Soil water between field capacity and the permanent wilting point

181
Q

What is alkalinity?

A

It causes some minerals to become less available, add nitrogenous fertilizers

182
Q

What does acidity inhabit?

A

The growth of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, add calcium or magnesium

183
Q

Where is canopy soil found?

A

Temperate rain forests and tropical rain forests

184
Q

What are the main differences between canopy and ground soil?

A

Canopy:
85% organic matter
Higher P
Lower Ca, MG, K, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Al

Ground:
10% organic matter
Lower P
Higher Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Al

185
Q

What is the difference between woody and herbaceous?

A

Woody: hard, secondary growth (Oak)
Herbaceous: soft (Dandelion)

186
Q

What are most annuals?

A

Green and herbaceous and split monocot and dicot

187
Q

Perennials are mostly

A

herbaceous

188
Q

Herbaceous dicots have what?

A

Discrete vascular bundles of xylem and phloem

189
Q

Alternate vs opposite leaf arrangements

A

Alternate means every other and opposite means directly across

190
Q

Leaves attach at what?

A

A node

191
Q

Between leaves (nodes) is what?

A

Internodes

192
Q

What is a blade?

A

A flattened plant of the leaf

193
Q

What is the blade attached to the twig by? (The little stem)

A

Petiole

194
Q

What is the angle between the petiole and stem called?

A

The Axil

195
Q

What is the bud located at the axil called?

A

Axillary bud

196
Q

What is the bud at the tip called?

A

Terminal bud

197
Q

Deciduous trees and shrubs have what?

A

Dormant axillary buds with leaf scars after leaves fall

198
Q

What protects the apical meristem before the beginning of the growing season?

A

Bus scales and leaf primordia

199
Q

The three tissues that the apical meristem develops are

A

The protoderm, pro cambium, and the ground meristem

200
Q

What two things does the ground meristem include?

A

The pith and the cortex

201
Q

What is the leaf primodia?

A

It is like a covering that acts as protection for the apical meristem before growing season

202
Q

Cells produced by the vascular cambium become what?

A

Components of the secondary xylem and secondary phloem

203
Q

What kind of plants are have the cork cambium?

A

Woody dicots because the cork cambium produces cork cells and phelloderm cells which is essentially bark

204
Q

How many cells thick is the vascular cambium?

A

One

205
Q

Which cell is produced by the vascular cambium and is pushed toward the outside?

A

Phloem

206
Q

Which cell is produced by the vascular cambium and is pushed toward the inside?

A

Xylem

207
Q

What is an annual ring?

A

One years growth of xylem

208
Q

Large vessel elements of secondary xylem are called?

A

Spring wood

209
Q

Smaller and fewer vessel elements of the secondary xylem are called?

A

Summer wood

210
Q

What do vascular rays do and look like?

A

Lines across the rings and function in lateral conductions of nutrients and water

211
Q

Mature bark can consist of what?

A

Alternating layers of crushed phloem and cork

212
Q

What is heartwood?

A

Older, darker wood at the center of the trunk/stem

213
Q

What is sapwood?

A

Lighter, still-functioning xylem closest to the cambium

214
Q

Hardwood includes

A

Tracheas and vessel elements

215
Q

Softwood includes

A

Tracheids, no fibers and vessel elements

Ex. cone-bearing trees

216
Q

What are bulbs?

A

Large buds surrounded by numerous fleshy leaves, with a small stem at the lower end

217
Q

Large buds surrounded by numerous fleshy leaves, with a small stem at the lower end

A

Bulbs

218
Q

Corms

A

Resemble bulbs, but composed almost entirely of stem tissue

219
Q

Resemble bulbs, but composed almost entirely of stem tissue

A

Corms

220
Q

Cladophylls

A

Flattened, leaf-life stems

221
Q

Flattened, leaf-life stems

A

Cladophylls

222
Q

Thorns

A

Modified stems

223
Q

Modified stems

A

Thorns

224
Q

Tendrils

A

Vines

225
Q

Vines

A

Tendrils

226
Q

Rhizomes

A

Horizontal stems that grow below-ground

227
Q

Horizontal stems that grow below-ground

A

Rhizomes

228
Q

Runners

A

Horizontal stems that generally grow along surface

229
Q

Horizontal stems that generally grow along surface

A

Runners

230
Q

Stolons

A

Produced beneath the surface of the ground and tend to grow in different directions

231
Q

Produced beneath the surface of the ground and tend to grow in different directions

A

Stolons

Plant Biology (4 decks)

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