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Plant Biology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the common name for the Phylum Ascomycota?

A

Sac Fungi

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2
Q

What Phylum does sac fungi belong to?

A

Ascomycota

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3
Q

What group are truffles a member of?

A

Ascomycota/sac fungi

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4
Q

How do truffles reproduce?

A

Asexually by means of spores

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5
Q

What in conidia?

A

Spores that truffles produce on conidiophores for reproduction

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6
Q

Name two edible ascomycotas

A

Murrels and truffles

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7
Q

Yeast goes through what to aid in baked good and wine preparation?

A

Fermentation

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8
Q

Name and describe two plant diseases

A

Dutch Elm Disease:
fungal disease that wiped out the majority of American elms
Chestnut Blight: same

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9
Q

What is the common name for Basidiomycetes?

A

Club Fungi

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10
Q

What is the scientific name for club fungi?

A

Basidiomycetes

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11
Q

How do basidiomycetes reproduce?

A

Sexually where spores are produced at the tips of swollen hyphae that look like clubs

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12
Q

Name 8 different groups of Basidiomycetes

A
  • Agarics
  • Puffballs
  • Earth Stars
  • Boletes
  • Polypores
  • Stinkhorns
  • Chanterelles
  • Birds Nest Fungi
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13
Q

Do basidiomycetes reproduce asexually?

A

Possible but very infrequently

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14
Q

What are gills?

A

The “lines” of the underside of a “mushroom”

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15
Q

What is a fairy ring?

A

Fungi that grow in a large circle

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16
Q

What are deuteromycetes?

A

Imperfect Fungi

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17
Q

How do deuteromycetes reproduce?

A

A sexual stage has not been observed but by conidia

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18
Q

How are deuteromycetes grouped together?

A

In artificial phylums

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19
Q

What is the global biodiversity?

A

Unknown but very high

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20
Q

What does a lichen consist of?

A

Fungi and algae associated in a spongy thallus

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21
Q

What is the fungal part of the lichen called?

A

Mycobiont

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22
Q

What is the algal part of the lichen called?

A

Photobiont

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23
Q

90% of all lichen species have how many genera and genus?

A

3 genera of green algae and 1 genus of cyanobacteria

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24
Q

How are lichens identified?

A

By their fungus component

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25
Q

What are two characteristics of lichens?

A

Grow slowly and live long

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26
Q

What kind of substance in a lichen thallus allows them to withstand wet and dry periods?

A

Gelatinous

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27
Q

What are the three growth forms of a lichen?

A

Crustose, Foliose, Fruticose

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28
Q

What kind of lichen is attached or embedded in their substrate?

A

Crustose

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29
Q

What kind of lichen contains leaf-like thalli which overlap?

A

Foliose

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30
Q

What kind of lichen resembles miniature upright shrubs or hang from branches?

A

Fruticose

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31
Q

Which type of lichen needs to be observed on the rock place it grows because it is hard to remove?

A

Crustose

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32
Q

How many layers makes up a lichen thallus?

A

3 or 4

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33
Q

What are the layers in a lichen thallus?

A
  • Upper Cortex: protection
  • Algal Layer: algal cells
  • Medulla: hyphae
  • Lower cortex: covered with rhizines
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34
Q

What is a rhizine?

A

A rootlike filament or hair growing from stems of mosses or lichens: rhizoid

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35
Q

What are two bad things about lichens?

A

They are incredibly sensitive to pollution and the degrade rocks, monuments etc with lichen acid

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36
Q

What is a lichen desert?

A

A place high in pollution (Sulfur Dioxide, radiation)

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37
Q

What organism has antibiotic properties and can act as a food supplement?

A

Lichens

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38
Q

What are bryophytes?

A

Mosses and related forms: liverworts and hornworts as well

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39
Q

If moss grows on one side of a tree in the Northern hemisphere, which way is North and how would you know?

A

The Northern side is the moss side and because the other side is dried out by the sun

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40
Q

How many species of bryophytes are there?

A

23,000

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41
Q

Where does the habitat of a bryophyte range from?

A

Sea level up to 5,500m or more

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42
Q

Bryophytes of all phyla often have what associated with their rhizoids?

A

Mycorrhizal fungi

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43
Q

What do bryophytes lack?

A

True xylem and phloem

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44
Q

Do bryophytes exhibit alteration of generations?

A

Yes

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45
Q

What organism always has two rows of partially overlapping “leaves” that contain oil bodies?

A

Leafy liverworts

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46
Q

A left liverwort produces these in a cup-like structures

A

Archegonia and antheridia

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47
Q

Archegonia is “female” or “male”

A

female

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48
Q

Antheridia is “female” or “male”

A

male

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49
Q

A germinating spore in a leafy liverwort will produce

A

Protonema

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50
Q

What organism has a thick thallus that forks dichotomously as it grows and consists of several types of tissues?

A

Thalloid Liverwort

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51
Q

What organism contains Bessie’s Garden?

A

Thalloid Liverwort

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52
Q

What structure looks like a miniature green-black rod?

A

Mature sporophyte of a hornwort

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53
Q

How many species of Hornworts are there?

A

About 100

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54
Q

Thalli often have pores and cavities filled with what?

A

Mucilage that often contain nitrogen fixing bacteria

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55
Q

How many species of mosses are there?

A

About 15,000

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56
Q

What are the three classes of mosses?

A
  • Peat mosses
  • True mosses
  • Rock mosses
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57
Q

Why is “leaves” in quotes when talking about mosses?

A

Because there is no mesophyll tissue, stomata, or veins

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58
Q

Describe the blades of mosses

A

One cell thick, never divided, form in three ranks, spiral

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59
Q

What makes (peat) mosses hold water so well?

A

They have two types of cells: chlorophyll-bearing and transparent water storage cells that swell

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60
Q

Peat mosses are good for what?

A

Soil conditioning, wound dressing, fuel

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61
Q

Name an organism that acts as a good packing material and indicator of surface water?

A

Moss

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62
Q

What is the common name for Phylum Psilotophyta?

A

Whisk Fern

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63
Q

What is the common name for Phylum Lycophyta?

A

Club Moss also known as ground pines, spike mosses, and quillworts

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64
Q

What is the common name for Phylum Equisetophyta?

A

Horsetails

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65
Q

What is the common name for Phylum Polypodiophyta?

A

Ferns

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66
Q

What does a whisk fern look like?

A

Small green whisk brooms

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67
Q

What organism has sporophytes that consist almost entirely of dichotomously forking aerial stems?

A

Whisk fern

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68
Q

What does a whisk fern not have?

A

Leaves or roots

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69
Q

What are the two major genera of the phylum lycophyta?

A

Lycopodium and Selaginella

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70
Q

What organism is known to have TRUE roots and stems?

A

Lycophyta

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71
Q

What are ground pines?

A

Lycopodium, grow on forest floor and look like tiny xmas trees that develop from branching rhizomes

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72
Q

What is a spike moss?

A

Selaginella, abundant in tropics, branch freely, have a ligule, heterospory

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73
Q

What is a ligule?

A

Like a little tongue on the upper surface of leaves

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74
Q

What is a quillwort?

A

Isoetes, submerged in water part of the year, microphylls arranged in tight spiral, legumes toward leaf base, corms with vascular cambium

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75
Q

Where are microphylls found?

A

In whorls at nodes

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76
Q

Horsetails are also known as

A

Scouring Rushes

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77
Q

How many species of horsetails are there among all continents?

A

About 25

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78
Q

What kind of leaf arrangements to the branches form in?

A

Whorls

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79
Q

What plant has significant silica deposits and where?

A

Horsetails: inner wall of stems epidermal cells

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80
Q

What is a collar?

A

Where leaves fused at their base on an equisetophyta

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81
Q

What causes horsetails to have a hollow stem center?

A

The pith breaks down

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82
Q

Why phylum does a fern belong to?

A

Phylum polypodiophyta

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83
Q

How many species of ferns are there?

A

11,000

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84
Q

Fern size?

A

1cm to 25m

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85
Q

What are fronds?

A

Fern leaves that are megaphylls

typically divided into smaller segaments

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86
Q

What are ferns used for?

A
  • house plants
  • rhizomes = food
  • folk medicine
  • fronds = thatching houses
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87
Q

What is a fossil?

A

Any recognizable prehistoric organic object preserved from past geological ages

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88
Q

What are good things for fossilization?

A

Quick burial and hard parts

89
Q

What are different types of fossilization?

A

Molds, casts, compressions, imprints

90
Q

If air spaces remain, what kind of fossilization is happening?

A

Mold

91
Q

If silica sills the spaces, what kind of fossilization is happening?

A

Cast

92
Q

When a thin outline is the only thing left what kind of fossilization has taken place?

A

Compression

93
Q

What kind of plants are gymnosperms?

A

Conifers, usually

94
Q

What does the term gymnosperm refer to?

A

Exposed seeds

95
Q

Where is the female gametophyte produced?

A

Inside an ovule

96
Q

What are the four living phyla of gymnosperms?

A
  • Phylum Pinophyta
  • Phylum Ginkgophyta
  • Phylum Cycadophyta
  • Phylum Gnetophyta
97
Q

What does the phylum pinophyta include?

A

Conifers/pines

98
Q

What is the largest conifer genus?

A

Pinus

99
Q

How many species does pinophyta include?

A

Over 100 living species

100
Q

What is the worlds oldest known living organism?

A

Bristlecone Pine

101
Q

What do pine leaves look like and how are they arranged?

A

Needlelike: clusters in 2, 3, 5 bundles, rarely 1

102
Q

What is a cluster of pine leaves called?

A

Fascicle

103
Q

What is a fascicle?

A

A cluster of pine needles that form a cylindrical rod

104
Q

What is resin and where does it develop?

A

Amber, antiseptic, sticky, develops in the mesophyll

105
Q

What does most gymnosperm wood consist of? What is it missing?

A

Tracheas, no vessel members of fibers

106
Q

Most conifer roots are associated with

A

Mycorrhizal fungi

107
Q

Most conifers are found where?

A

Up globe and up mtn

108
Q

Is a pollen cone male or female?

A

Male

109
Q

Is a seed cone male or female?

A

Female

110
Q

Megasporangium is associated with

A

Female/archegonium/seed cones

111
Q

Microsporangium is associated with

A

Male/antheridium/pollen cones

112
Q

More Pinophyta

A

Bald Cypress, Yew, Podocarps

113
Q

The common name for Ginkgo is

A

Maidenhair trees

114
Q

How many living ginkgo species are there?

A

1

115
Q

Describe ginkgo leaves

A

Notched, broad, fan shaped
produced in a spiral on short slow-growing spurs
No midrib or prominent veins
Dichotomous

116
Q

What organism looks like a cross between a tree fern and palm?

A

Cycad

117
Q

How and where do cycads grow? Appearance?

A

Slow and in the tropics with tall unbranched trees with a crown of large pinnately divided leaves

118
Q

How is a cycad pollinated?

A

With beetles instead of wind

119
Q

What organism is pollenated by beetles?

A

Cycads

120
Q

Name an organism that is unique to the gymnosperms and have vessels in the xylem

A

Gnetophytes

121
Q

What genus has 70 known species that are joint firs in the gnetophyta phylum?

A

Ephedra

122
Q

What are the three genus’ in the Gnetophytes?

A

Ephedra and Welwitschia and Gnetum

123
Q

Where do Gnetophytes occur?

A

Tropics

124
Q

Where do welwitschia occur?

A

Dessert SW Africa

125
Q

How many species are in the welwitschia genus?

A

1

126
Q

How many leaves does a Welwitschia plant have?

A

Two throughout their life

127
Q

How much rainfall does SW Africa get on average?

A

2.5cm

128
Q

What are some uses for gymnosperms (conifers)?

A
  • Edible seeds
  • crates, boxes matchsticks
  • cheap furniture
  • telephone poles
  • fuel
  • pulpwood
  • ornamentals
  • pharmaceuticals
  • turpentine and resin
129
Q

What is a good use for red spruce?

A

Violins

130
Q

What can you find on a moist fallen log?

A

Cup fungus/ascomycetes

131
Q

Where can truffles be found?

A

Pine forests

132
Q

What do flying squirrels and female pigs have to do with anything?

A

They eat truffles/hypogeus fungi

133
Q

A murrel fungus is also known as

A

A button mushroom

134
Q

What mushrooms can you eat raw?

A

Common, cook rest

135
Q

How do fungus reproduce?

A

Spores

136
Q

How many trees in Eastern North America were Chestnut?

A

40%

137
Q

What are basidiomycetes?

A

Larger fungi

138
Q

Name a gilled organism

A

Agarics

139
Q

What do stinkhorns smell like and why?

A

Rotting flesh because it attracts flies that spread the spores

140
Q

What fungi is hallucinogenic?

A

Agarics

141
Q

What country loves fungi?

A

Thailand

142
Q

What area are the spores in for a fungus?

A

Ascis

143
Q

What fungus has the spores on the outside?

A

Basidium

144
Q

How many basidiospore are there per basidium?

A

4

145
Q

How many ascospores are there per ascus?

A

8

146
Q

If you come in contact with the agarics west coast fatal fungi poison what will help you get better?

A

Liver transplant

147
Q

How do you make a spore print?

A

On paper cut the cap off and the spores will pop out

148
Q

Give an example of an ectomycorrhizal fungi

A

Bolics

149
Q

Does a chanterelle have ridges or gilles?

A

Ridges

150
Q

What are other names for the polypore shelf fungus?

A

Bracket, conk, sulfur shell

151
Q

What do stinkhorns produce?

A

Gelatinous mass

152
Q

When can you eat a lawyers wig agarics?

A

When it is young

153
Q

How do the spores get out of the Birds Nest fungus? What is the mechanism called?

A

Raindrops flick them out: splash cup mechanism

154
Q

What do nematodes have lots of?

A

Nitrogen

155
Q

What is fuzzy and decomposes leaves?

A

Hyphomecetes

156
Q

What is an organic sponge?

A

Lichen

157
Q

What do caribou eat?

A

Fruticose lichens

158
Q

The body of a lichen is a

A

Thallus

159
Q

The mycobiont part of a lichen is what?

A

Ascomycetes

160
Q

Fruticose lichens look like

A

an old mans beard

161
Q

What is reindeer moss?

A

Fruticose lichen

162
Q

What part of a lichen absorbs?

A

Medulla

163
Q

How old is the oldest lichen fossil?

A

400 million

164
Q

Pittsburg is

A

A lichen desert

165
Q

Name a self medicating organism

A

Lichen

166
Q

What were the first land green plants?

A

Mosses

167
Q

What are land green plants?

A

Mosses, grasses, trees, etc

168
Q

In the Southern Hemisphere what side of a tree does the moss grow on?

A

South

169
Q

Are hornworts common or no?

A

No

170
Q

What is the simplest and most abundant bryophyte?

A

Leafy Liverwort

171
Q

In a sporophyte, what produces spores?

A

Capsule

172
Q

Is the sporophyte or gametophyte dominant in bryophytes?

A

Gametophyte

173
Q

In bryophytes does the male or female thallus have a splash cup?

A

Male

174
Q

In bryophytes does the male or female thallus look like a palm tree?

A

Female

175
Q

What is a gemma cup?

A

Splash cup for liverworts aka Jimmy cup

176
Q

What looks like a coke bottle with a marble in it?

A

Archegonia

177
Q

Peat mosses can absorb how many times their weight in water?

A

30x

178
Q

What are some uses for peat moss?

A

Diapers, antibiotic, dried and burned

179
Q

What is a protonema?

A

The early algal stages of bryotphytes

180
Q

What is a seta?

A

Flagpole made of tissue with a salt shaker top

181
Q

What system traps water for sperm to swim in?

A

Paraphysis

182
Q

Where can sphagnum, peat, and bognum be found?

A

Tropics, high mountain tops, AK

183
Q

Sphagnum bogs do what to their own environment, what is it like?

A

They make it super acidic so they can’t decompose and (bodies) can be well preserved

184
Q

Gametophyte: haploid or diploid?

A

Haploid

185
Q

Sporophyte: haploid or diploid?

A

Diploid

186
Q

Is the sporophyte or gametophyte dominant in ferns?

A

Sporophyte

187
Q

Where are club mosses found?

A

App mtns

188
Q

What fern is most common in AR?

A

Christmas/evergreen fern

189
Q

Name an amphibious plant

A

Quillworts: submerged and on land

190
Q

Horsetails have what that protects them from herbivores?

A

Silica/glass

191
Q

What has self-peeling spores?

A

Equisetophyta/horsetails

192
Q

What made up coal deposits forests?

A

Lycopods and equistophyta

193
Q

A small fern is how tall?

A

Less than 1 ft

194
Q

A large fern is how tall?

A

Greater than 1 ft

195
Q

How big is the cinnamon fern?

A

5 ft

196
Q

What is a monkey tail or a fiddle head?

A

A fern frond

197
Q

What is carcenogenous?

A

It means they cause ovarian cancer like cigs and ferns are

198
Q

What do house plants do?

A

Refresh the air

199
Q

How are ferns identified?

A

By their fronds and the back/bottom where their reproductive structures are

200
Q

What are the reproductive structures on a fern called?

A

Indusiums

201
Q

An ovule becomes what?

A

A seed

202
Q

What is an integument?

A

Covering

203
Q

Gymnosperms: homo or hetero?

A

Homo

204
Q

Mickey mouse

A

Microgametophytes in gymnosperms

205
Q

Female ginkgo are bad because

A

They are a skin irritant and smell bad

206
Q

Male ginkgos produce

A

pollen

207
Q

San Diego zoo and FL are good places to see what?

A

Cycads

208
Q

What kind of beetles pollinate cycads?

A

Weevils

209
Q

How much did the largest cycad cone weigh?

A

100lbs

210
Q

Gnetophytes evolved to have what?

A

tissues, vessels

211
Q

Where is Mt Kosciusko?

A

Australia

212
Q

Why is Mt Kosciusko important?

A

It has watermelon snow

213
Q

What is the name of a bottle tree and where is it found?

A

Baobab: Australia and Africa

214
Q

Are there herbaceous conifers?

A

No

215
Q

What is true of all land green plants?

A

They have similar life cycles

216
Q

What are the two stages of the life cycle?

A

Sporophyte and gametophyte

217
Q

Life cycle

A

Gametophytes produce-> gametes in archegonia and antheridia-> Sperm travels to egg-> fertilization-> zygote-> sporophyte produces-> spores in sporangium-> meiosis-> Spores germinate to-> gametophytes

218
Q

Sperm needs one of two things to move

A

Wind or water

Plant Biology (4 decks)

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