Exam 3 Flashcards
What is the common name for the Phylum Ascomycota?
Sac Fungi
What Phylum does sac fungi belong to?
Ascomycota
What group are truffles a member of?
Ascomycota/sac fungi
How do truffles reproduce?
Asexually by means of spores
What in conidia?
Spores that truffles produce on conidiophores for reproduction
Name two edible ascomycotas
Murrels and truffles
Yeast goes through what to aid in baked good and wine preparation?
Fermentation
Name and describe two plant diseases
Dutch Elm Disease:
fungal disease that wiped out the majority of American elms
Chestnut Blight: same
What is the common name for Basidiomycetes?
Club Fungi
What is the scientific name for club fungi?
Basidiomycetes
How do basidiomycetes reproduce?
Sexually where spores are produced at the tips of swollen hyphae that look like clubs
Name 8 different groups of Basidiomycetes
- Agarics
- Puffballs
- Earth Stars
- Boletes
- Polypores
- Stinkhorns
- Chanterelles
- Birds Nest Fungi
Do basidiomycetes reproduce asexually?
Possible but very infrequently
What are gills?
The “lines” of the underside of a “mushroom”
What is a fairy ring?
Fungi that grow in a large circle
What are deuteromycetes?
Imperfect Fungi
How do deuteromycetes reproduce?
A sexual stage has not been observed but by conidia
How are deuteromycetes grouped together?
In artificial phylums
What is the global biodiversity?
Unknown but very high
What does a lichen consist of?
Fungi and algae associated in a spongy thallus
What is the fungal part of the lichen called?
Mycobiont
What is the algal part of the lichen called?
Photobiont
90% of all lichen species have how many genera and genus?
3 genera of green algae and 1 genus of cyanobacteria
How are lichens identified?
By their fungus component
What are two characteristics of lichens?
Grow slowly and live long
What kind of substance in a lichen thallus allows them to withstand wet and dry periods?
Gelatinous
What are the three growth forms of a lichen?
Crustose, Foliose, Fruticose
What kind of lichen is attached or embedded in their substrate?
Crustose
What kind of lichen contains leaf-like thalli which overlap?
Foliose
What kind of lichen resembles miniature upright shrubs or hang from branches?
Fruticose
Which type of lichen needs to be observed on the rock place it grows because it is hard to remove?
Crustose
How many layers makes up a lichen thallus?
3 or 4
What are the layers in a lichen thallus?
- Upper Cortex: protection
- Algal Layer: algal cells
- Medulla: hyphae
- Lower cortex: covered with rhizines
What is a rhizine?
A rootlike filament or hair growing from stems of mosses or lichens: rhizoid
What are two bad things about lichens?
They are incredibly sensitive to pollution and the degrade rocks, monuments etc with lichen acid
What is a lichen desert?
A place high in pollution (Sulfur Dioxide, radiation)
What organism has antibiotic properties and can act as a food supplement?
Lichens
What are bryophytes?
Mosses and related forms: liverworts and hornworts as well
If moss grows on one side of a tree in the Northern hemisphere, which way is North and how would you know?
The Northern side is the moss side and because the other side is dried out by the sun
How many species of bryophytes are there?
23,000
Where does the habitat of a bryophyte range from?
Sea level up to 5,500m or more
Bryophytes of all phyla often have what associated with their rhizoids?
Mycorrhizal fungi
What do bryophytes lack?
True xylem and phloem
Do bryophytes exhibit alteration of generations?
Yes
What organism always has two rows of partially overlapping “leaves” that contain oil bodies?
Leafy liverworts
A left liverwort produces these in a cup-like structures
Archegonia and antheridia
Archegonia is “female” or “male”
female
Antheridia is “female” or “male”
male
A germinating spore in a leafy liverwort will produce
Protonema
What organism has a thick thallus that forks dichotomously as it grows and consists of several types of tissues?
Thalloid Liverwort
What organism contains Bessie’s Garden?
Thalloid Liverwort
What structure looks like a miniature green-black rod?
Mature sporophyte of a hornwort
How many species of Hornworts are there?
About 100
Thalli often have pores and cavities filled with what?
Mucilage that often contain nitrogen fixing bacteria
How many species of mosses are there?
About 15,000
What are the three classes of mosses?
- Peat mosses
- True mosses
- Rock mosses
Why is “leaves” in quotes when talking about mosses?
Because there is no mesophyll tissue, stomata, or veins
Describe the blades of mosses
One cell thick, never divided, form in three ranks, spiral
What makes (peat) mosses hold water so well?
They have two types of cells: chlorophyll-bearing and transparent water storage cells that swell
Peat mosses are good for what?
Soil conditioning, wound dressing, fuel
Name an organism that acts as a good packing material and indicator of surface water?
Moss
What is the common name for Phylum Psilotophyta?
Whisk Fern
What is the common name for Phylum Lycophyta?
Club Moss also known as ground pines, spike mosses, and quillworts
What is the common name for Phylum Equisetophyta?
Horsetails
What is the common name for Phylum Polypodiophyta?
Ferns
What does a whisk fern look like?
Small green whisk brooms
What organism has sporophytes that consist almost entirely of dichotomously forking aerial stems?
Whisk fern
What does a whisk fern not have?
Leaves or roots
What are the two major genera of the phylum lycophyta?
Lycopodium and Selaginella
What organism is known to have TRUE roots and stems?
Lycophyta
What are ground pines?
Lycopodium, grow on forest floor and look like tiny xmas trees that develop from branching rhizomes
What is a spike moss?
Selaginella, abundant in tropics, branch freely, have a ligule, heterospory
What is a ligule?
Like a little tongue on the upper surface of leaves
What is a quillwort?
Isoetes, submerged in water part of the year, microphylls arranged in tight spiral, legumes toward leaf base, corms with vascular cambium
Where are microphylls found?
In whorls at nodes
Horsetails are also known as
Scouring Rushes
How many species of horsetails are there among all continents?
About 25
What kind of leaf arrangements to the branches form in?
Whorls
What plant has significant silica deposits and where?
Horsetails: inner wall of stems epidermal cells
What is a collar?
Where leaves fused at their base on an equisetophyta
What causes horsetails to have a hollow stem center?
The pith breaks down
Why phylum does a fern belong to?
Phylum polypodiophyta
How many species of ferns are there?
11,000
Fern size?
1cm to 25m
What are fronds?
Fern leaves that are megaphylls
typically divided into smaller segaments
What are ferns used for?
- house plants
- rhizomes = food
- folk medicine
- fronds = thatching houses
What is a fossil?
Any recognizable prehistoric organic object preserved from past geological ages
What are good things for fossilization?
Quick burial and hard parts
What are different types of fossilization?
Molds, casts, compressions, imprints
If air spaces remain, what kind of fossilization is happening?
Mold
If silica sills the spaces, what kind of fossilization is happening?
Cast
When a thin outline is the only thing left what kind of fossilization has taken place?
Compression
What kind of plants are gymnosperms?
Conifers, usually
What does the term gymnosperm refer to?
Exposed seeds
Where is the female gametophyte produced?
Inside an ovule
What are the four living phyla of gymnosperms?
- Phylum Pinophyta
- Phylum Ginkgophyta
- Phylum Cycadophyta
- Phylum Gnetophyta
What does the phylum pinophyta include?
Conifers/pines
What is the largest conifer genus?
Pinus
How many species does pinophyta include?
Over 100 living species
What is the worlds oldest known living organism?
Bristlecone Pine
What do pine leaves look like and how are they arranged?
Needlelike: clusters in 2, 3, 5 bundles, rarely 1
What is a cluster of pine leaves called?
Fascicle
What is a fascicle?
A cluster of pine needles that form a cylindrical rod
What is resin and where does it develop?
Amber, antiseptic, sticky, develops in the mesophyll
What does most gymnosperm wood consist of? What is it missing?
Tracheas, no vessel members of fibers
Most conifer roots are associated with
Mycorrhizal fungi
Most conifers are found where?
Up globe and up mtn
Is a pollen cone male or female?
Male
Is a seed cone male or female?
Female
Megasporangium is associated with
Female/archegonium/seed cones
Microsporangium is associated with
Male/antheridium/pollen cones
More Pinophyta
Bald Cypress, Yew, Podocarps
The common name for Ginkgo is
Maidenhair trees
How many living ginkgo species are there?
1
Describe ginkgo leaves
Notched, broad, fan shaped
produced in a spiral on short slow-growing spurs
No midrib or prominent veins
Dichotomous
What organism looks like a cross between a tree fern and palm?
Cycad
How and where do cycads grow? Appearance?
Slow and in the tropics with tall unbranched trees with a crown of large pinnately divided leaves
How is a cycad pollinated?
With beetles instead of wind
What organism is pollenated by beetles?
Cycads
Name an organism that is unique to the gymnosperms and have vessels in the xylem
Gnetophytes
What genus has 70 known species that are joint firs in the gnetophyta phylum?
Ephedra
What are the three genus’ in the Gnetophytes?
Ephedra and Welwitschia and Gnetum
Where do Gnetophytes occur?
Tropics
Where do welwitschia occur?
Dessert SW Africa
How many species are in the welwitschia genus?
1
How many leaves does a Welwitschia plant have?
Two throughout their life
How much rainfall does SW Africa get on average?
2.5cm
What are some uses for gymnosperms (conifers)?
- Edible seeds
- crates, boxes matchsticks
- cheap furniture
- telephone poles
- fuel
- pulpwood
- ornamentals
- pharmaceuticals
- turpentine and resin
What is a good use for red spruce?
Violins
What can you find on a moist fallen log?
Cup fungus/ascomycetes
Where can truffles be found?
Pine forests
What do flying squirrels and female pigs have to do with anything?
They eat truffles/hypogeus fungi
A murrel fungus is also known as
A button mushroom
What mushrooms can you eat raw?
Common, cook rest
How do fungus reproduce?
Spores
How many trees in Eastern North America were Chestnut?
40%
What are basidiomycetes?
Larger fungi
Name a gilled organism
Agarics
What do stinkhorns smell like and why?
Rotting flesh because it attracts flies that spread the spores
What fungi is hallucinogenic?
Agarics
What country loves fungi?
Thailand
What area are the spores in for a fungus?
Ascis
What fungus has the spores on the outside?
Basidium
How many basidiospore are there per basidium?
4
How many ascospores are there per ascus?
8
If you come in contact with the agarics west coast fatal fungi poison what will help you get better?
Liver transplant
How do you make a spore print?
On paper cut the cap off and the spores will pop out
Give an example of an ectomycorrhizal fungi
Bolics
Does a chanterelle have ridges or gilles?
Ridges
What are other names for the polypore shelf fungus?
Bracket, conk, sulfur shell
What do stinkhorns produce?
Gelatinous mass
When can you eat a lawyers wig agarics?
When it is young
How do the spores get out of the Birds Nest fungus? What is the mechanism called?
Raindrops flick them out: splash cup mechanism
What do nematodes have lots of?
Nitrogen
What is fuzzy and decomposes leaves?
Hyphomecetes
What is an organic sponge?
Lichen
What do caribou eat?
Fruticose lichens
The body of a lichen is a
Thallus
The mycobiont part of a lichen is what?
Ascomycetes
Fruticose lichens look like
an old mans beard
What is reindeer moss?
Fruticose lichen
What part of a lichen absorbs?
Medulla
How old is the oldest lichen fossil?
400 million
Pittsburg is
A lichen desert
Name a self medicating organism
Lichen
What were the first land green plants?
Mosses
What are land green plants?
Mosses, grasses, trees, etc
In the Southern Hemisphere what side of a tree does the moss grow on?
South
Are hornworts common or no?
No
What is the simplest and most abundant bryophyte?
Leafy Liverwort
In a sporophyte, what produces spores?
Capsule
Is the sporophyte or gametophyte dominant in bryophytes?
Gametophyte
In bryophytes does the male or female thallus have a splash cup?
Male
In bryophytes does the male or female thallus look like a palm tree?
Female
What is a gemma cup?
Splash cup for liverworts aka Jimmy cup
What looks like a coke bottle with a marble in it?
Archegonia
Peat mosses can absorb how many times their weight in water?
30x
What are some uses for peat moss?
Diapers, antibiotic, dried and burned
What is a protonema?
The early algal stages of bryotphytes
What is a seta?
Flagpole made of tissue with a salt shaker top
What system traps water for sperm to swim in?
Paraphysis
Where can sphagnum, peat, and bognum be found?
Tropics, high mountain tops, AK
Sphagnum bogs do what to their own environment, what is it like?
They make it super acidic so they can’t decompose and (bodies) can be well preserved
Gametophyte: haploid or diploid?
Haploid
Sporophyte: haploid or diploid?
Diploid
Is the sporophyte or gametophyte dominant in ferns?
Sporophyte
Where are club mosses found?
App mtns
What fern is most common in AR?
Christmas/evergreen fern
Name an amphibious plant
Quillworts: submerged and on land
Horsetails have what that protects them from herbivores?
Silica/glass
What has self-peeling spores?
Equisetophyta/horsetails
What made up coal deposits forests?
Lycopods and equistophyta
A small fern is how tall?
Less than 1 ft
A large fern is how tall?
Greater than 1 ft
How big is the cinnamon fern?
5 ft
What is a monkey tail or a fiddle head?
A fern frond
What is carcenogenous?
It means they cause ovarian cancer like cigs and ferns are
What do house plants do?
Refresh the air
How are ferns identified?
By their fronds and the back/bottom where their reproductive structures are
What are the reproductive structures on a fern called?
Indusiums
An ovule becomes what?
A seed
What is an integument?
Covering
Gymnosperms: homo or hetero?
Homo
Mickey mouse
Microgametophytes in gymnosperms
Female ginkgo are bad because
They are a skin irritant and smell bad
Male ginkgos produce
pollen
San Diego zoo and FL are good places to see what?
Cycads
What kind of beetles pollinate cycads?
Weevils
How much did the largest cycad cone weigh?
100lbs
Gnetophytes evolved to have what?
tissues, vessels
Where is Mt Kosciusko?
Australia
Why is Mt Kosciusko important?
It has watermelon snow
What is the name of a bottle tree and where is it found?
Baobab: Australia and Africa
Are there herbaceous conifers?
No
What is true of all land green plants?
They have similar life cycles
What are the two stages of the life cycle?
Sporophyte and gametophyte
Life cycle
Gametophytes produce-> gametes in archegonia and antheridia-> Sperm travels to egg-> fertilization-> zygote-> sporophyte produces-> spores in sporangium-> meiosis-> Spores germinate to-> gametophytes
Sperm needs one of two things to move
Wind or water
