Final Flashcards
Keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation.
Audience-Centeredness
The Tendency of people to be concerned above all their own values, beliefs, and well-being.
Egocentrism
Audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background.
Demographic Audience Analysis
Creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike.
Stereotyping
Audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion.
situational Audience Analysis
A frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc.
Attitude
Questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives.
Fixed-Alternative Questions
Questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers.
Scale Questions
Questions that allow respondents to answer however they want.
Open-Ended Questions
A listing of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by the library.
Catalogue
A number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves.
Call Number
A work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers.
Reference Work
A research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of magazines, journals, and newspapers.
Newspaper and Periodical Database
A summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author.
Abstract
A database that catalogues articles from scholarly journals.
Academic Database
A search engine that combines internet technology with traditional library methods of cataloguing and assessing data.
Virtual Library
An organization that, in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the internet.
Sponsoring Organization
An interview conducted to gather information for a speech.
Research Interview
A list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic.
Preliminary Bibliography
The materials used to support a speaker’s ideas. Examples, statistics, and testimony.
Supporting Materials
A specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions experiences, or the like.
Examples
A specific case referred to in a passing to illustrate a point.
Brief Example
A story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point.
Extended Example
An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation.
Hypothetical Example
The average value of a group of numbers.
Mean
The middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest.
Median
The number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers.
Mode
Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point.
Testimony
Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields.
Expert Testimony
Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic
Peer Testimony
A visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns.
Graph
A graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time or space.
Line Graph
A graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns.
Pie Graph
A graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items.
Bar Graph
A visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form.
Chart
A complete set of type of the same design.
Font
A speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding.
Informative Speech
Anything that is visible, tangible, and stable in form.
Object
A systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product.
Process
Anything that happens or is regarded as happening.
Event
A belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like.
Concept
A statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness.
Description
A statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.
Comparison
A statement of the differences among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.
Contrast
To present one’s ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience.
Personalize
The process of creating reinforcing, or changing people’s beliefs or actions.
Persuasion
The mental give=and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech.
Mental Dialogue with the audience
The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade.
Target Audience
A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion.
Question of Fact
A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action.
Question of Value
A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.
Question of Policy
A persuasive speech in which the speaker’s goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy.
Speech to Gain Passive Agreement
A persuasive speech in which the speaker’s goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy.
Speech to Gain Immediate Action
The first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?
Need
The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary.
Burden of Proof
The second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?
Plan
The third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Will the speaker’s plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems?
Practicality
A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.
Problem-Solution Order
A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which they first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem.
Problem-Cause-Solution Order
A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker’s solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions.
Comparative Advantages Order
A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.
Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility.
Ethos
The audience’s perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.
Credibility
The credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak.
Initial Credibility
The credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech.
Derived Credibility
The credibility of a speaker at the end of a speech.
Terminal Credibility
A technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience.
Creating Common Ground
Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something.
Evidence
The name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker.
Logos
The process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence.
Reasoning
Reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion.
Reasoning from Specific Instances
Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion.
Reasoning from Principle
Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects
Causal Reasoning
Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second.
Analogical Reasoning.
An error in reasoning.
Fallacy
A fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence.
Hasty Generalization
An analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike.
Invalid Analogy
A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.
Bandwagon
A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion.
Red Herring
A fallacy that attack the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute.
Ad Hominem
A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist.
Eithor-Or
A fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented.
Slippery Slope
A fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new.
Appeal to Tradition
A fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old.
Appeal to Novelty
The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal.
Pathos
A speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience.
Speech of Introduction
A speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition.
Speech of Presentation
A speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition.
Acceptance Speech
A speech that pays tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution, or an idea.
Commemorative Speech
A group of two people.
Dyad
A collection of three to twelve people who assemble for a specific purpose.
Small Group
A small group formed to solve a particular problem.
Problem-Solving Small Group
The ability to influence group members so as to help achieve the goals of the group.
Leadership
A group member to whom other members defer because of her or his rank, expertise, or other quality.
Implied Leader
A group member who emerges as a leader during the group’s deliberations.
Emergent Leader
A person who is elected or appointed as leader when the group is formed.
Designated Leader
Routine “housekeeping” actions necessary for the efficient conduct of business in a small group.
Procedural Needs
Substantive actions necessary to help a small group complete its assigned task.
Task needs
Communicative actions necessary to maintain interpersonal relations in a small group.
Maintenance Needs
A set of unstate individual goals that may conflict with the goals of the group as a whole.
Hidden Agenda
A five-step method for directing discussion in a problem-solving small group.
Reflective-Thinking-Method
A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.
Question of Policy
Standards on which a judgment or decision can be based.
Criteria
A method of generating ideas by free assocation of words and thought.
Brainstorming
A group decision that is acceptable to all members of the group.
Consensus
A speech presenting the findings, conslusions, or decisions of a small group.
Oral Report
A public presentation in which several people present prepared speeches on different aspects of the same topic.
Symposium
A structured conversation on a given topic among several people in front of an audience.
Panel Discussion
