Final Flashcards
________ correlation indicate that two factors increase or decrease together
positive
_________ correlations indicate that as one factor increases, the other decreases
negative
A selected segment that very closely parallels the larger population being studied on relevant characteristics.
representative sample
A questionnaire or interview designed to investigate the opinions, behaviors, or characteristics of a particular group.
surveys
Highly detailed description of a single individual or a small group of individuals., used to investigate rare, unusual, or extreme conditions
case study
In an experiment, the group of participants who are exposed to all experimental conditions, including the independent variable.
experimental group
In an experiment, the group of participants who are exposed to all experimental conditions, except the independent variable; the group against which changes in the experimental group are compared.
control group
The systematic observation and recording of behaviors as they occur in their natural setting.
naturalistic observation
The purposely manipulated factor thought to produce change in an experiment;
independent variable
The factor that is observed and measured for change in an experiment, thought to be influenced by the independent variable
dependent variable
behaviorism is the view the psychology:
Should be an objective science and study behaviors without taking mental processes into account
The __________ ____________ focuses on mental process, memory, perception, language, problem solving, and thinking
cognitive perspective
In an ____ ___________, the researcher deliberately varies one factor, then measures the changes produced in a second factor.
lab experiment
________ indicates that one event is the result of the occurrence of the other event; i.e. there is a causal relationship between the two events. This is also referred to as cause and effect.
causation
_______ _______ defined psychology as the study of consciousness and emphasized the use of experimental methods to study and measure consciousness.
Wilhelm Wundt
______ __. _________ believed that psychology is the study of behavior
John B Watson
founder of American Psychology, didn’t do experiments - only observations, stressed importance that behavior and consciousness function to allow people and animals to adapt to their environments
William James
studied the unconscious mind, founded psychoanalysis: the belief the repressed thoughts fuck you up but if you bring them to the surface they go away
Sigmund Frued
(similar to Watson) believed that psychology should restrict itself to studying outwardly observable behaviors that could be measured and verified, Believed that internal thoughts, beliefs, emotions, or motives could not be used to explain behavior
BF Skinner
- founded observational learning ie. learning by observing others, imitating models, and without direct experience
- led Bobo doll experiment
Albert Bandura
_________ _____ ___________ created the Law of Effect, which states that responses followed by a satisfying effect become strengthened and are more likely to recur in a particular situation, and that responses followed by a dissatisfying effect are weakened and less likely to recur in a particular situation
Edward Lee Thorndike
_______ _______ developed a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological growth, autonomy, and a hierarchy of needs
Abraham Maslow
The support cells that assist neurons by providing structural support, nutrition, and removal of cell wastes; manufacture myelin.
glial cells
the part of a cell that processes nutrients and provides energy for the neuron to function; contains the cell’s nucleus
cell body
The multiple short fibers that extend from a neuron’s cell body and receive information from other neurons or from sensory receptor cells
dendrites
The long, fluid-filled tube that carries a neuron’s messages to other neurons, muscles, and glands
axon
A white, fatty covering wrapped around the axons of some neurons that increases their communication speed
myelin sheath
the nucleus:
contains chromosomes
gaps in the myelin sheath
nodes of ranvier
the process by which neurotransmitter molecules detach from a post-synaptic neuron and are reabsorbed by a presynaptic neuron so they can be recycled and used again
reuptake
The division of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord.
central nervous system
The branch of the autonomic nervous system that produces rapid physical arousal in response to perceived emergencies or threats
sympathetic nervous system
The branch of the autonomic nervous system that maintains normal bodily functions and conserves the body’s physical resources.
parasympathetic nervous system
The principle that the strength by which a nerve or muscle fiber responds to a stimulus is not dependent on the strength of the stimulus. If the stimulus is any strength above threshold, the nerve or muscle fiber will either give a complete response or no response at all.
all-or-nothing principle
The ________ __________ is produced by movement of electrically charged particles (ions) across the axon membrane
action potential
A brief electrical impulse by which information is transmitted along the axon of a neuron
action potential
The state in which a neuron is prepared to activate and communicate its message if it receives sufficient stimulation
resting potential
The _____ hemisphere of the brain is specialized for language tasks
left
the ______ hemisphere of the brain is specialized for visual-spatial tasks
right
An area on each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex, near the temples, that is the primary receiving area for auditory information
temporal lobe
An area at the back of each cerebral hemisphere that is the primary receiving area for visual information
occipital lobe
An area on each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex located above the temporal lobe that processes somatic sensations
parietal lobe
The largest lobe of each cerebral hemisphere; processes voluntary muscle movements and is involved in thinking, planning, and emotional control.
frontal lobe
Chemical messengers manufactured by a neuron
neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitter involved in sensory perceptions, sleep, and emotions
serotonin
Neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of bodily movement, thought processes, and rewarding sensations.
dopamine
Neurotransmitters that regulate pain perceptions
endorphins
________________ are released from synaptic vesicles in synapses into the synaptic cleft, where they are received by receptors on the target cells.
Neurotransmitters
a difference in electric potential between two exteriors or two sides of one exterior due to chemical activity
polarization
sodium gates open and let sodium into the axon, causing the axon to be more positive that the outside
depolarization
potassium gates open and positive ions flow out of the axon, causing the inside of the axon to be more negative than the outside
repolarization
potassium gates stay open too long and too many positive ions flow out, making the axon super negative
hyperpolarization
controls muscle movements involved in speech
broca’s area
involved in language comprehension
wernicke’s area
when someone has too much serotonin in their brain they can develop _________ _______
serotonin syndrome
The degeneration of the neurons that produce dopamine in one brain area causes __________ ________
Parkinson’s disease
A hindbrain structure that controls vital life functions such as breathing and circulation
medulla
A hindbrain structure that connects the medulla to the two sides of the cerebellum; helps coordinate and integrate movements on each side of the body
pons
A large, two-sided hindbrain structure at the back of the brain; responsible for muscle coordination and maintaining posture and equilibrium
cerebellum
A curved forebrain structure that is part of the limbic system and is involved in learning and forming new memories
hippocampus
A forebrain structure that processes sensory information for all senses except smell, relaying that information to the cerebral cortex
thalamus
An almond-shaped cluster of neurons in the brain’s temporal lobe, involved in memory and emotional responses, especially fear.
amygdala
receives information of body sensations, a band of tissue on the parietal lobe
somatosensory cortex
controls voluntary movement, located in frontal lobe
motor cortex
the primary auditory cortex is located on the ________ lobe
temporal
the primary visual cortex is located on the _________ lobe
occipital
involved in the planning of voluntary movements
prefrontal cortex
Lara believes that the size of the just noticeable difference varies depending on its relation to the strength of the original stimulus. Her views are consistent with:
Weber’s Law
Two dimmer lights are being turned on, but one isn’t as strong as the other. The point at which Rudy can tell that one light is brighter than the other would be described as the _____.
just noticeable difference
During a hearing test, many sounds were presented at such a low level of intensity that Madeline could not detect them. These sounds were below Madeline’s _____.
absolute threshold
The smallest possible strength of a stimulus that can be detected half the time
absolute threshold
A principle of sensation that holds that the size of the just noticeable difference will vary depending on its relation to the strength of the original stimulus
Weber’s law
Giulio’s bag of marbles is twice as heavy as Lynn’s. If it takes 5 extra marbles to make Lynn’s bag feel heavier, it will take 10 extra marbles to make Giulio’s bag feel heavier. This best illustrates:
Weber’s law
The use of visual cues to perceive the distance or three-dimensional characteristics of objects.
depth perception
Distance or depth cues that can be processed by either eye alone.
monocular cues
___________ _______ ______ include relative size, overlap, aerial perspective, texture gradient, linear perspective, motion parallax, and accommodation
Monocular depth cues
Distance or depth cues that require the use of both eyes
binocular cues
___________ _______ ______ include convergence and binocular disparity
Binocular depth cues
