Exam 5 Flashcards
environmental information is registered, large capacity for information, duration: 1/4 second-3 seconds
sensory memory
new information is transferred from sensory memory, old information is retrieved from long-term memory, limited capacity for information, duration: approximately 20-30 seconds
short-term (working) memory
information that was been encoded in short term memory is stored, unlimited capacity for information, duration: potentially permanent
long term memory
The process of transforming information into a form that can be entered into and retained by the memory system
encoding
The process of retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time
storage
the process of recovering information stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it
retrieval
The mental or verbal repetition of information in order to maintain it beyond the usual 20-second duration of short-term memory
maintenance rehearsal
Rehearsal that involves focusing on the meaning of information to help encode and transfer it to long-term memory
elaborative rehearsal
_____-____ memory is more likely to be used when the focus is on simpler memory processes, such as rehearsing lists of syllables, words, or numbers
working term
tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than items in the middle
The Serial Position Effect
Increasing the amount of information that can be held in short-term memory by grouping related items together into a single unit,
chunking
The temporary storage and active, conscious manipulation of information needed for complex cognitive tasks, such as reasoning, learning, and problem solving.
working memory
the __________ _____, is specialized for verbal material, such as lists of numbers or words
phonological loop
the ___________ ___________, is specialized for spatial or visual material
visuospatial sketchpad
the ________ ________ controls attention, integrates information, and manages activities of phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad
Central executive
Category of long-term memory that includes memories of particular/specific events
episodic memory
Category of long-term memory that includes memories of general knowledge, concepts, facts, and names; general knowledge
semantic memory
Category of long-term memory that includes memories of different skills, operations, and actions; muscle memory
procedural memory
tendency to recover information more easily when the retrieval occurs in the same setting as the original learning of the information
context effect
Organizing items into related groups during recall from long-term memory
clustering
An encoding specificity phenomenon in which a given mood tends to evoke memories that are consistent with that mood
mood congruence
When you are in a good mood, you remember good memories
example of mood congurence
A memory phenomenon that involves the sensation of knowing that specific information is stored in long-term memory, but being temporarily unable to retrieve it
tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) experience
The recall of very specific images or details surrounding a vivid, rare, or significant personal event; details may or may not be accurate
flashbulb memory
_________ ________ are emotionally charged, but they are not necessarily more accurate than memories of more common events
flashbulb memories
Can’t retrieve the partial responses that you absolutely know are stored in your LTM, People have one experience per week, 50% of the time people can name the first letter of the word or amount of syllables , 90% of experiences are resolved
tip of the tongue facts
phenomenon through which memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed
state dependent memory
memory retrieval while in consciousness produced by psychoactive drugs – most commonly, alcohol
state dependent memory
Information or knowledge that can be consciously recollected; also called declarative memory.
explicit memory
Information or knowledge that affects behavior or task performance but cannot be consciously recollected; also called non-declarative memory
implicit memory
memory that involves remembering to perform a planned action or recall a planned intention at some future point in time
prospective memory
A test of long-term memory that involves identifying correct information out of several possible choices
recognition
A test of long-term memory that involves retrieving information without the aid of retrieval cues;
recall
A test of long-term memory that involves remembering an item of information in response to a retrieval cue
cued recall
memory consolidation into long term memory happens while we:
sleep
The inability to recall specific information because of insufficient encoding of the information for storage in long-term memory
encoding failure
When incorrect information received after an event leads to distorted or false memories of the event
Misinformation effect
Forgetting or misremembering the true source of a memory
Source Confusion
Forgetting in which an old memory interferes with remembering a new memory; forward-acting memory interference
proactive interference
when new phone number interferes with the ability to remember old phone number and when you have memories of where you parked your car on campus last week and now you can’t remember where you parked it today
examples of proactive interference
Forgetting in which a new memory interferes with remembering an old memory; backward-acting memory interference
retroactive interference
The view that forgetting is due to normal metabolic processes that occur in the brain over time - use it or lose it
decay theory
imagining something and really perceiving it activate similar brain areas
Imagination inflation
False or distorted memories caused by the tendency to fill in missing memory details with information that is consistent with existing knowledge about a topic
Schema (script) Distortion
Increased feelings of familiarity due to repeatedly imagining an event
False Familiarity
Using vivid, authentic details to add to the legitimacy and believability of a pseudoevent
Blending fact and fiction
Blending fact and fiction, False Familiarity, Schema Distortion, Imagination inflation, and Source Confusion
causes of false memories
encoding failure, misinformation effect, source confusion, proactive interference, retroactive interference, and the decay theory
causes of forgetting
inability to remember past episodic information; common after head injury; need for consultation
Retrograde amnesia
inability to form new memories; related to hippocampus damage
Anterograde amnesia
_________ __.__. had portions of the medial (inner) temporal lobe on each side of his brain, including the brain structure called the hippocampus, removed
Patient H.M. (Henry Molaison)
British musicologist, conductor, tenor and keyboardist who suffers from chronic anterograde and retrograde amnesia - lacks the ability to form new memories, and also cannot recall aspects of his past memories, frequently believing that he has only recently awoken from a comatose state.
Clive Wearing
