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Psychology 101 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Shane’s roommates were surprised when they found him walking around the kitchen at 3 in the morning trying to make breakfast, especially since he was still asleep! Shane MOST likely suffers from _____.

A

somnambulism

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2
Q

__________ allows us to integrate past, present, and future behavior, guide future actions, and maintain a stable sense of self

A

Consciousness

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3
Q

__________ is your immediate awareness of your internal states—your thoughts, sensations, memories—and the external world around you

A

Consciousness

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4
Q

when we simply don’t notice some significant object or event that is in our clear field of vision

A

inattentional blindness

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5
Q

the cocktail party effect is an example of __________ __________

A

selective attention

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6
Q

________ _________ refers to not noticing when something changes, such as when a friend gets a haircut or shaves his beard

A

change blindness

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7
Q

For example, listening to the radio (_______) interferes less with driving (_______) than would a second visual task

A

auditory; visual

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8
Q

When _______ is divided among different tasks, each task receives less _______ than it would normally

A

attention

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9
Q

“The subjective experience of consciousness has a sense of continuity”

A
  • William James
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10
Q

________ _________ refers to a biological or psychological process that systematically varies over the course of each day

A

Circadian Rhythm

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11
Q

tiny cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus in the brain called

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

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12
Q

the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus is to control your

A

circadian rhythm

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13
Q

hormone which induces sleep

A

melatonin

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14
Q

Shortly before sunrise, the pineal gland all but stops producing ________, and you soon wake up. As the sun rises, exposure to sunlight and other bright light suppresses _________ levels, and they remain very low throughout the day

A

melatonin

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15
Q

Awake and reasonably alert as you prepare for bed, your brain generates small, fast brain waves, called

A

beta brain waves

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16
Q

Your brain’s electrical activity gradually gears down, generating slightly larger and slower

A

alpha brain waves

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17
Q

Quiet, typically dreamless sleep

A

NREM sleep

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18
Q

Type of sleep during which rapid eye movements and dreaming usually occur and voluntary muscle activity is suppressed

A

REM sleep

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19
Q

During stage __ NREM, you can quickly regain conscious alertness if needed

A

1

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20
Q

Breathing becomes rhythmical. Slight muscle twitches may occur. Theta waves are predominant in stage __, but larger, slower brain waves, called delta brain waves, also begin to emerge.

A

2

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21
Q

When delta brain waves represent more than 20 percent of total brain activity, the sleeper is said to be in stage __ NREM

A

3

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22
Q

When delta brain waves exceed 50 percent of total brain activity, the sleeper is said to be in stage __ NREM.

A

4

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23
Q

Dreams usually occur during ____ sleep

A

REM

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24
Q

REM sleep lasts about __ to __ minutes

A

5 - 15

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25
Q

Typical __ minute sleep schedule alternating between REM and NREM

A

90

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26
Q

Formed during NREM sleep, _______ memories are are personally experienced events

A

episodic

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27
Q

Formed during REM and stage 2 NREM, __________ memories involve learning a new skill or task until it can be formed automatically

A

procedural

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28
Q

episodes of sleep lasting only a few seconds that occur during wakefulness

A

microsleeps

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29
Q

A phenomenon in which a person who is deprived of REM sleep greatly increases the amount of time spent in REM sleep at the first opportunity to sleep without interruption.

A

REM rebound

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30
Q

A category of sleep disorders involving disruptions in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep; includes insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and narcolepsy.

A

dyssomnias

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31
Q

A condition in which a person regularly experiences an inability to fall asleep, to stay asleep, or to feel adequately rested by sleep.

A

insomnia

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32
Q

A sleep disorder in which the person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep

A

obstructive sleep apnea

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33
Q

A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and brief lapses into sleep throughout the day.

A

narcolepsy

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34
Q

A sudden loss of voluntary muscle strength and control that is usually triggered by an intense emotion.

A

cataplexy

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35
Q

A sleep disturbance characterized by an episode of increased physiological arousal, intense fear and panic, frightening hallucinations, and no recall of the episode the next morning; typically occurs during stage 3 or stage 4 NREM sleep;

A

sleep terror

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36
Q

A sleep disorder involving abnormal sexual behaviors and experiences during sleep

A

sleepsex

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37
Q

A sleep disorder in which the sleeper will sleepwalk and eat compulsively but wake up with no memory of it

A

sleep-related eating disorder

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38
Q

elements of the dream that are consciously experienced and remembered

A

manifest content

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39
Q

the unconscious wishes that are concealed in the manifest content

A

latent content

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40
Q

The theory that brain activity during sleep produces dream images (________), which are combined by the brain into a dream story (_________)

A

activation; synthesis - Hobson and McCarley’s: Activation Synthesis Model

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41
Q

Model of dreaming that emphasizes the continuity of waking and dreaming cognition, and states that dreaming is like thinking under conditions of reduced sensory input and the absence of voluntary control.

A

Neurocognitive Model of Dreaming

42
Q

A cooperative social interaction in which the hypnotized person responds to the hypnotist’s suggestions with changes in perception, memory, and behavior

A

hypnosis

43
Q

hypnagogic hallucinations

A

lucid dreaming

44
Q

________ produces a highly focused, absorbed state of attention that minimizes competing thoughts and attention

A

hypnosis

45
Q

The best candidates for hypnosis are individuals who approach the experience with ________, receptive attitudes

A

positive

46
Q

Supposed enhancement of memory for past events through hypnotic suggestion

A

hypermnesia

47
Q

if one does not believe in hypnosis

A

they cannot be hypnotized

48
Q

A suggestion made during hypnosis asking a person to carry out a specific instruction following the hypnotic session

A

posthypnotic suggestion

49
Q

The inability to recall specific information because of a hypnotic suggestion

A

posthypnotic amnesia

50
Q

__________ _______ alter consciousness by changing arousal, mood, thinking, sensations, and perceptions

A

Psychoactive drugs

51
Q

drugs that depress, or inhibit, brain activity

A

depressants

52
Q

drugs that are chemically similar to morphine and that relieve pain and produce euphoria

A

Opiods

53
Q

drugs that stimulate, or excite, brain activity

A

stimulants

54
Q

drugs that distort sensory perceptions

A

Psychedelic drugs

55
Q

Increases neural activity in many brain areas because of the increase ion Ach, Increases mental alertness and reduces fatigue or drowsiness - Including the frontal lobes, thalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala

A

nicotine

56
Q

Promotes wakefulness, mental alertness, vigilance, and faster thought processes, Stimulants dopamine in brain’s prefrontal cortex, Blocks adenosine receptors in brain, blocking your urge to sleep

A

caffeine

57
Q

Produces intense euphoria, mental alertness, and self confidence, blocks the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, blocking reuptake potentiates or increases effects of neurotransmitters

A

cocaine

58
Q

Produce feelings of euphoria, occupy endorphin receptors sites in the brain, mimicking the effect of endorphins, alter reaction to pain by reducing the brain’s perception of pain

A

heroin and morphine (opiates)

59
Q

Produces a mild euphoria, talkativeness, and feelings of good humor and friendliness, lessens inhibitions by depressing brain centers responsible for judgement and self-control

A

alcohol

60
Q

three basic characteristics commonly associated with motivation:

A

activation, persistence, and intensity.

61
Q

The view that certain human behaviors are innate and due to evolutionary programming

A

Instinct theories

62
Q

the view that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs.

A

drive theory

63
Q

The principle of _________ states that the body monitors and maintains relatively constant levels of internal states, such as body temperature, fluid levels, and energy supplies

A

homeostasis

64
Q

people eat when they are not hungry

A

drive theory limitation

65
Q

behavior is motivated by the “pull” of external goals, such as rewards, money, or recognition

A

incentive theory

66
Q

The view that people are motivated to maintain a level of arousal that is optimal—neither too high nor too low

A

Arousal theory

67
Q

This can vary from one person to the next based on one’s self-evaluation - intelligence, attractiveness, physical abilities, etc

A

incentive theory limitation

68
Q

When arousal is too _____ we seek to reduce arousal in a ____-stimulating enviroment

A

high; less

69
Q

people with low levels of arousal can be _________ _______

A

sensation seekers

70
Q

The view that emphasizes the importance of psychological and cognitive factors in motivation, especially the notion that people are motivated to realize their personal potential

A

humanistic theories of motivation

71
Q

physiological needs (food, water), safety needs (security), belongingness and love needs (intimate relationships and love needs), esteem needs (prestige and feelings of accomplishment), self actualization (achieving one’s full potential, including creative activities)

A

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

72
Q

Vague and almost impossible to define in a way that would allow it to be scientifically tested

A

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs limitations

73
Q

desire to engage in tasks that person finds inherently satisfying and enjoyable, novel, or optimally challenging

A

Intrinsic motivation

74
Q

external influences on behavior, such as rewards, social evaluations, rules, and responsibilities

A

Extrinsic motivation

75
Q

The desire to direct your behavior toward demonstrating competence and exercising control in a situation.

A

competence motivation

76
Q

The desire to direct your behavior toward excelling, succeeding, or outperforming others at some task.

A

achievement motivation

77
Q

ability to resist the temptation for an immediate reward and wait for a later reward

A

delayed gratification

78
Q

Emotions help us solve adaptive problems posed by our environment. They “move” us toward potential resources, and they move us away from potential dangers

A

evolutionary perspective of emotion

79
Q

A complex psychological state that involves a subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response

A

emotion

80
Q

disruptive forces that interfere with rational behavior

A

emotions

81
Q

the most fundamental set of emotion categories, which are biologically innate, evolutionarily determined, and culturally universal.

A

basic emtions

82
Q

_______ tend to be much more at ease expressing their emotions, thinking about emotions, and recalling emotional experiences

A

Women

83
Q

The capacity to understand and manage your own emotional experiences and to perceive, comprehend, and respond appropriately to the emotional responses of others

A

Emotional intelligence

84
Q

The pounding heart, rapid breathing, trembling hands and feet, and churning stomach that occur when you experience an intense emotion like fear reflect the activation of the

A

sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system

85
Q

Breathing and heart rate accelerate, and blood pressure surges. You perspire, your mouth goes dry, and the hairs on your skin may stand up, giving you the familiar sensation of goose bumps. Your pupils dilate, allowing you to take in a wider visual field. Blood sugar levels increase, providing a burst of energy. Digestion stops as blood is diverted from the stomach and intestines to the brain and skeletal muscles, sometimes causing the sensations of light-headedness or “butterflies” fluttering in your stomach.

A

what happens to you when you are stressed

86
Q

basic emotions are:

A

biologically determined (most present at birth)

87
Q

The _________ _________ _________ is also activated by other intense emotions, such as excitement, passionate love, or extreme joy

A

sympathetic nervous system

88
Q

Several studies have shown that the _______ is a key brain structure in the emotional response of fear in humans

A

amygdala

89
Q

there is no unique pattern of physiological arousal associated specifically with lying, some people can lie without experiencing anxiety or arousal, people may be innocent of any wrongdoing but still be fearful or anxious when asked incriminating questions

A

problems with lie detectors

90
Q

direct thalamus→amygdala pathway “shortcut”

A

LeDoux’s neural pathway

91
Q

We perceive a stimulus, physiological and behavioral changes occur, we experience these changes as a particular emotion

A

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

92
Q

emotions and bodily changes do not share a cause-and-effect relationship. Rather, they occur simultaneously, following a stimulating event

A

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

93
Q

Expressing a specific emotion, especially facially, causes us to subjectively experience that emotion

A

Facial Feedback Theory

94
Q

emotion is the interaction of physiological arousal and the cognitive label that we apply to explain arousal

A

Schachter-Singer Two-factor theory of emotion

95
Q

emotions result from cognitive appraisal of a situation’s effect on personal well-being

A

Lazarus Cognitive Meditational Theory

96
Q

In Western or _________ culture, high arousal emotions are valued and promoted more than low arousal emotions

A

individualist

97
Q

Moreover, people in the East actually experience and prefer to experience low arousal emotions more than high arousal emotions.

A

collectivist culture

98
Q

collection of sleep disorders that are characterized by undesirable physical arousal, behaviors, or events during sleep or sleep transitions

A

parasomnias

99
Q

Another pathway projects from the ________ to a different _________ area that, in concert with the pituitary gland, triggers the release of stress hormones

A

amygdala; hypothalamus

100
Q

One pathway leads to an area of the _________, then on to the _______ at the base of the brain - this triggers arousal of the _________ _________ _________.

A

hypothalamus; medulla; sympathetic nervous system

101
Q

Sandy’s car started to slide out of control on a wet road. She felt fear as the car began to skid, but it was only after the car was under control, a few moments later, that her heart began to pound and her hands started to tremble

A

example supporting Cannon-Bard Theory

102
Q

According to the activation-synthesis model, dreams occur when brainstem circuits at the base of the brain activate and trigger higher brain regions, including:

A

visual, motor, and auditory pathways

Psychology 101 (5 decks)

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