Exam 3 Flashcards
Shane’s roommates were surprised when they found him walking around the kitchen at 3 in the morning trying to make breakfast, especially since he was still asleep! Shane MOST likely suffers from _____.
somnambulism
__________ allows us to integrate past, present, and future behavior, guide future actions, and maintain a stable sense of self
Consciousness
__________ is your immediate awareness of your internal states—your thoughts, sensations, memories—and the external world around you
Consciousness
when we simply don’t notice some significant object or event that is in our clear field of vision
inattentional blindness
the cocktail party effect is an example of __________ __________
selective attention
________ _________ refers to not noticing when something changes, such as when a friend gets a haircut or shaves his beard
change blindness
For example, listening to the radio (_______) interferes less with driving (_______) than would a second visual task
auditory; visual
When _______ is divided among different tasks, each task receives less _______ than it would normally
attention
“The subjective experience of consciousness has a sense of continuity”
- William James
________ _________ refers to a biological or psychological process that systematically varies over the course of each day
Circadian Rhythm
tiny cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus in the brain called
suprachiasmatic nucleus
the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus is to control your
circadian rhythm
hormone which induces sleep
melatonin
Shortly before sunrise, the pineal gland all but stops producing ________, and you soon wake up. As the sun rises, exposure to sunlight and other bright light suppresses _________ levels, and they remain very low throughout the day
melatonin
Awake and reasonably alert as you prepare for bed, your brain generates small, fast brain waves, called
beta brain waves
Your brain’s electrical activity gradually gears down, generating slightly larger and slower
alpha brain waves
Quiet, typically dreamless sleep
NREM sleep
Type of sleep during which rapid eye movements and dreaming usually occur and voluntary muscle activity is suppressed
REM sleep
During stage __ NREM, you can quickly regain conscious alertness if needed
1
Breathing becomes rhythmical. Slight muscle twitches may occur. Theta waves are predominant in stage __, but larger, slower brain waves, called delta brain waves, also begin to emerge.
2
When delta brain waves represent more than 20 percent of total brain activity, the sleeper is said to be in stage __ NREM
3
When delta brain waves exceed 50 percent of total brain activity, the sleeper is said to be in stage __ NREM.
4
Dreams usually occur during ____ sleep
REM
REM sleep lasts about __ to __ minutes
5 - 15
Typical __ minute sleep schedule alternating between REM and NREM
90
Formed during NREM sleep, _______ memories are are personally experienced events
episodic
Formed during REM and stage 2 NREM, __________ memories involve learning a new skill or task until it can be formed automatically
procedural
episodes of sleep lasting only a few seconds that occur during wakefulness
microsleeps
A phenomenon in which a person who is deprived of REM sleep greatly increases the amount of time spent in REM sleep at the first opportunity to sleep without interruption.
REM rebound
A category of sleep disorders involving disruptions in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep; includes insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and narcolepsy.
dyssomnias
A condition in which a person regularly experiences an inability to fall asleep, to stay asleep, or to feel adequately rested by sleep.
insomnia
A sleep disorder in which the person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep
obstructive sleep apnea
A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and brief lapses into sleep throughout the day.
narcolepsy
A sudden loss of voluntary muscle strength and control that is usually triggered by an intense emotion.
cataplexy
A sleep disturbance characterized by an episode of increased physiological arousal, intense fear and panic, frightening hallucinations, and no recall of the episode the next morning; typically occurs during stage 3 or stage 4 NREM sleep;
sleep terror
A sleep disorder involving abnormal sexual behaviors and experiences during sleep
sleepsex
A sleep disorder in which the sleeper will sleepwalk and eat compulsively but wake up with no memory of it
sleep-related eating disorder
elements of the dream that are consciously experienced and remembered
manifest content
the unconscious wishes that are concealed in the manifest content
latent content
The theory that brain activity during sleep produces dream images (________), which are combined by the brain into a dream story (_________)
activation; synthesis - Hobson and McCarley’s: Activation Synthesis Model
Model of dreaming that emphasizes the continuity of waking and dreaming cognition, and states that dreaming is like thinking under conditions of reduced sensory input and the absence of voluntary control.
Neurocognitive Model of Dreaming
A cooperative social interaction in which the hypnotized person responds to the hypnotist’s suggestions with changes in perception, memory, and behavior
hypnosis
hypnagogic hallucinations
lucid dreaming
________ produces a highly focused, absorbed state of attention that minimizes competing thoughts and attention
hypnosis
The best candidates for hypnosis are individuals who approach the experience with ________, receptive attitudes
positive
Supposed enhancement of memory for past events through hypnotic suggestion
hypermnesia
if one does not believe in hypnosis
they cannot be hypnotized
A suggestion made during hypnosis asking a person to carry out a specific instruction following the hypnotic session
posthypnotic suggestion
The inability to recall specific information because of a hypnotic suggestion
posthypnotic amnesia
__________ _______ alter consciousness by changing arousal, mood, thinking, sensations, and perceptions
Psychoactive drugs
drugs that depress, or inhibit, brain activity
depressants
drugs that are chemically similar to morphine and that relieve pain and produce euphoria
Opiods
drugs that stimulate, or excite, brain activity
stimulants
drugs that distort sensory perceptions
Psychedelic drugs
Increases neural activity in many brain areas because of the increase ion Ach, Increases mental alertness and reduces fatigue or drowsiness - Including the frontal lobes, thalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala
nicotine
Promotes wakefulness, mental alertness, vigilance, and faster thought processes, Stimulants dopamine in brain’s prefrontal cortex, Blocks adenosine receptors in brain, blocking your urge to sleep
caffeine
Produces intense euphoria, mental alertness, and self confidence, blocks the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, blocking reuptake potentiates or increases effects of neurotransmitters
cocaine
Produce feelings of euphoria, occupy endorphin receptors sites in the brain, mimicking the effect of endorphins, alter reaction to pain by reducing the brain’s perception of pain
heroin and morphine (opiates)
Produces a mild euphoria, talkativeness, and feelings of good humor and friendliness, lessens inhibitions by depressing brain centers responsible for judgement and self-control
alcohol
three basic characteristics commonly associated with motivation:
activation, persistence, and intensity.
The view that certain human behaviors are innate and due to evolutionary programming
Instinct theories
the view that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs.
drive theory
The principle of _________ states that the body monitors and maintains relatively constant levels of internal states, such as body temperature, fluid levels, and energy supplies
homeostasis
people eat when they are not hungry
drive theory limitation
behavior is motivated by the “pull” of external goals, such as rewards, money, or recognition
incentive theory
The view that people are motivated to maintain a level of arousal that is optimal—neither too high nor too low
Arousal theory
This can vary from one person to the next based on one’s self-evaluation - intelligence, attractiveness, physical abilities, etc
incentive theory limitation
When arousal is too _____ we seek to reduce arousal in a ____-stimulating enviroment
high; less
people with low levels of arousal can be _________ _______
sensation seekers
The view that emphasizes the importance of psychological and cognitive factors in motivation, especially the notion that people are motivated to realize their personal potential
humanistic theories of motivation
physiological needs (food, water), safety needs (security), belongingness and love needs (intimate relationships and love needs), esteem needs (prestige and feelings of accomplishment), self actualization (achieving one’s full potential, including creative activities)
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Vague and almost impossible to define in a way that would allow it to be scientifically tested
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs limitations
desire to engage in tasks that person finds inherently satisfying and enjoyable, novel, or optimally challenging
Intrinsic motivation
external influences on behavior, such as rewards, social evaluations, rules, and responsibilities
Extrinsic motivation
The desire to direct your behavior toward demonstrating competence and exercising control in a situation.
competence motivation
The desire to direct your behavior toward excelling, succeeding, or outperforming others at some task.
achievement motivation
ability to resist the temptation for an immediate reward and wait for a later reward
delayed gratification
Emotions help us solve adaptive problems posed by our environment. They “move” us toward potential resources, and they move us away from potential dangers
evolutionary perspective of emotion
A complex psychological state that involves a subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response
emotion
disruptive forces that interfere with rational behavior
emotions
the most fundamental set of emotion categories, which are biologically innate, evolutionarily determined, and culturally universal.
basic emtions
_______ tend to be much more at ease expressing their emotions, thinking about emotions, and recalling emotional experiences
Women
The capacity to understand and manage your own emotional experiences and to perceive, comprehend, and respond appropriately to the emotional responses of others
Emotional intelligence
The pounding heart, rapid breathing, trembling hands and feet, and churning stomach that occur when you experience an intense emotion like fear reflect the activation of the
sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system
Breathing and heart rate accelerate, and blood pressure surges. You perspire, your mouth goes dry, and the hairs on your skin may stand up, giving you the familiar sensation of goose bumps. Your pupils dilate, allowing you to take in a wider visual field. Blood sugar levels increase, providing a burst of energy. Digestion stops as blood is diverted from the stomach and intestines to the brain and skeletal muscles, sometimes causing the sensations of light-headedness or “butterflies” fluttering in your stomach.
what happens to you when you are stressed
basic emotions are:
biologically determined (most present at birth)
The _________ _________ _________ is also activated by other intense emotions, such as excitement, passionate love, or extreme joy
sympathetic nervous system
Several studies have shown that the _______ is a key brain structure in the emotional response of fear in humans
amygdala
there is no unique pattern of physiological arousal associated specifically with lying, some people can lie without experiencing anxiety or arousal, people may be innocent of any wrongdoing but still be fearful or anxious when asked incriminating questions
problems with lie detectors
direct thalamus→amygdala pathway “shortcut”
LeDoux’s neural pathway
We perceive a stimulus, physiological and behavioral changes occur, we experience these changes as a particular emotion
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
emotions and bodily changes do not share a cause-and-effect relationship. Rather, they occur simultaneously, following a stimulating event
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Expressing a specific emotion, especially facially, causes us to subjectively experience that emotion
Facial Feedback Theory
emotion is the interaction of physiological arousal and the cognitive label that we apply to explain arousal
Schachter-Singer Two-factor theory of emotion
emotions result from cognitive appraisal of a situation’s effect on personal well-being
Lazarus Cognitive Meditational Theory
In Western or _________ culture, high arousal emotions are valued and promoted more than low arousal emotions
individualist
Moreover, people in the East actually experience and prefer to experience low arousal emotions more than high arousal emotions.
collectivist culture
collection of sleep disorders that are characterized by undesirable physical arousal, behaviors, or events during sleep or sleep transitions
parasomnias
Another pathway projects from the ________ to a different _________ area that, in concert with the pituitary gland, triggers the release of stress hormones
amygdala; hypothalamus
One pathway leads to an area of the _________, then on to the _______ at the base of the brain - this triggers arousal of the _________ _________ _________.
hypothalamus; medulla; sympathetic nervous system
Sandy’s car started to slide out of control on a wet road. She felt fear as the car began to skid, but it was only after the car was under control, a few moments later, that her heart began to pound and her hands started to tremble
example supporting Cannon-Bard Theory
According to the activation-synthesis model, dreams occur when brainstem circuits at the base of the brain activate and trigger higher brain regions, including:
visual, motor, and auditory pathways
