Exam 4 Flashcards
A process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of past experience
learning
The process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses
conditioning
_____ ______ was looking at salivation in dogs in response to being fed, when he noticed that his dogs would begin to salivate whenever he entered the room, even when he was not bringing them food.
Ivan Pavlov
The unlearned, reflexive response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
The natural stimulus that reflexively elicits a response without the need for prior learning
unconditioned (unlearned/natural) stimulus
A formerly neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a reflexive response
conditioned stimulus
The learned, reflexive response to a conditioned stimulus
conditioned (learned) response
The occurrence of a learned response not only to the original stimulus but to other, similar stimuli as well
stimulus generalization
The occurrence of a learned response to a specific stimulus but not to other, similar stimuli
stimulus discrimination
Behaviorism is the view that psychology:
Should be an objective science
Studies behaviors without taking mental processes into account
A procedure in which a conditioned stimulus from one learning trial functions as the unconditioned stimulus in a new conditioning trial; the second conditioned stimulus comes to elicit the conditioned response, even though it has never been directly paired with the unconditioned stimulus
higher order conditioning also called second-order conditioning
In learning theory, the idea that an organism is innately predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli and responses
biological preparedness
But many people develop _______ without having experienced a traumatic event in association with the object of their fear, this is caused by __________ learning
phobias; observational
The gradual weakening and disappearance of conditioned behavior- In operant conditioning, _______ occurs when an emitted behavior is no longer followed by a reinforcer
extinction (in operant conditioning)
The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time without exposure to the conditioned stimulus.
spontaneous recovery
A classically conditioned dislike for and avoidance of a particular food that develops when an organism becomes ill after eating the food
taste aversion
a classically conditioned dislike for and avoidance of a particular food that develops when an organism becomes ill after eating the food - this shows survival value
John Garcia’s research
both the physical characteristics and the natural behavior patterns of any species have been shaped by evolution to maximize adaptation to the environment.
evolutionary view of classical conditioning
Seligman proposed that humans are _________ _________ to develop fears of objects or situations—such as snakes, spiders, and heights—that may once have posed a threat to humans’ evolutionary ancestors.
biologically prepared
If you’re feeling more awake before blood levels of caffeine rise, it’s probably because you’ve developed a _________ __________ __________ to the sight, smell, and taste of coffee
classically conditioned response
If the animal was allowed a period of rest after the response was extinguished, the __________ __________ would reappear when the conditioned stimulus was again presented.
conditioned response
______ __ ________ believed that virtually all human behavior is a result of conditioning and learning—that is, due to past experience and environmental influences.
John B. Watson
I should like to go one step further now and say, “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select—doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.” I am going beyond my facts and I admit it, but so have the advocates of the contrary and they have been doing it for many thousands of years.
John B Watson
John Watson placed a rat on the table in front of ______ ______, who did not react. He then began making a loud noise on several separate occasions while showing ______ _______ the rat. He cried in reaction to the noise and, after a period of conditioning, cried in response to the rat even without the loud noise.
Little Albert
The Little Albert experiment is an example of:
classical conditioning
“To make your consumer react tell him something that will tie him up with fear, something that will stir up a mild rage, that will call out an affectionate or love response, or strike at a deep psychological or habit need”
John B Watson on advertising and classical conditioning
If _________ __________ occurs, the product will also elicit a warm, emotional response without the ad
classical conditioning
An individual’s psychological and physiological response to what is actually a fake treatment or drug
placebo response
A classically conditioned dislike for and avoidance of a particular food that develops when an organism becomes ill after eating the food
taste aversion
classically conditioned dislike/avoidance of a particular food that develops when an organism becomes ill after eating a food
John Garcia’s theory on taste aversion
differences between taste aversion and classical conditioning
taste aversion does not does require repeated pairings and the time span between these two stimuli the eating of food and the stomach virus is several hours, not a matter of seconds
Learning principle in which responses followed by a satisfying effect become strengthened and are more likely to recur in a particular situation, while responses followed by a dissatisfying effect are weakened and less likely to recur in a particular situation.
Law of effect - Thorndike
________ ________ demonstrated that classical conditioning involves more than learning the simple association of two stimuli.
Robert Rescorla
classical conditioning depends on the information the conditioned stimulus provides about the unconditioned stimulus - animals use cognitive processes to draw inferences about the signals they encounter in their environments
Rescorla’s theory
