Final Flashcards
Fundamental attribution theory
The tendency when others analyzing others behavior to overestimate the influence of personal traits and underestimate the effects of the situation
Peripheral route persuasion
Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues; produce fast but relatively thoughtless changes in attitudes
Central route persuasion
Occurs when people are offered evidence and arguments to trigger thoughtful responses
Foot in the door phenomenon
People agreeing to a small request will find it easier to agree later to a larger one
Role
A set of expectations about social position defining how the person ought to behave
Zimbardo’s experiment
Put normal people as the guards and prisoners shit got serious
Cognitive dissonance theory
We act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent
Culture
The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people
Norm
Understood rules for accepted and expected behavior
Conformity
Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
Mimicry
Behavior is contagious what we see we often do
Normative social influence
Influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
Informational social influence
Influence resulting from ones willingness to accept others opinions as new information
Stanley Milgram’s obedience
Strong social influence can make people conform to falsehoods or cruelty- ordinary people are corrupted by evil situations
Social facilitation
The presence of others arouses people, improving performance on easy or well learned tasks but decreasing it from difficult ones
Social loafing
The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accounted
Deindividuation
The loss of self awareness and self restraint occurring in a group situation
Group polarization
The enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
Groupthink
The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony within a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
Prejudice
Is an unjustified negative attitude toward a group and its members
Implicit racial associations
Implicit association test results: even people who deny racial prejudice may carry negative associations
Unconscious patronization
Lower expectations inflated praise and insufficient criticism for minority student achievement
Race-influenced perceptions
Fatigue can increase automatic reasons that amplify racial bias
Just world phenomenon
Good is rewarded and evil is punished
Ingroup
“Us” people whom we identify with
Outgroup
“Them” those perceived as different or not part of the group
Ingroup bias
Favoring our own group
Scapegoat theory
Proposes that when things go wrong, finding someone to blame can provide an outlet for anger
Other race effect
The tendency to recall faces of ones own race more accurately then faces of other race
Aggression
Any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally
Genetic influences of aggression
Evidence from animal studies and twin studies; male Y chromosome and MAOA gene is genetic marker
Neural influences of aggression
Neural systems facilitate or inhibit aggression when provoked
Aggression more likely with frontal lobe damage
Biochemical influences of aggression
Testosterone influences and the alcohol affect
Frustration-aggression principle
Frustration creates anger, which can spark aggression
Things that promote aggression
Reinforcement Modeling Lack of self control Cigarettes Hot temps Crowding Odors Physical pain
Proximity- attraction
Geographical nearness- friendship most powerful predictor of love
Mere exposure effect
The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
Passionate love
Sexual desire + a growing attachment
Companionate love
A deep affectionate attachment
Self disclosure
Deepens intimacy
Passion facilitating hormones
Testastorone dopamine adrenaline
Altruism
Is an unselfish concern for the welfare of others
Bystander effect
The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
Social exchange theory
Maximizes rewards and minimizes cost
Social responsibility norm
Expectation that people should help those who depend on them
Reciprocity norm
Expectation that people will respond favorably to each other by returning benefits for benefit
Conflict
Perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas in which people become enmeshed in potentially destructive I’ve processes that often produce unwanted results
Social traps
Situation in which conflicting parties, by each pursuing their self- interest rather then the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
Enemy perceptions
Conflict have a tendency to form diabolical images of one another
Mirror image perceptions
Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees each itself as ethical and peaceful while other sad bad
Self fulfilling prophecy
A belief that leads to its own fulfillment
Contact
Most effective when contact is free of competition and equal status exists
Cooperation
Cooperative contact can reduce conflict
Communication
When real life conflicts become intense a third party meditator may facilitate communication
Conciliation
GRIT ( graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction) is alternative to conflict, to war or surrender
Psychological disorder
A clinically significant disturbance in an individuals cognition, emotion regulation or behavior
Biopsychosocial approach
General approach positing that biological, psychological, and social culture factors all play a significant role in human functioning in the context of disease or illness
Immigrant paradox
Those born to immigrants to the US are at greater risk of mental disorder then immigrants
How many people have mental problems
1 out of every 4 adults
Major depressive disorder
Is a prolonged state of hopeless depression
Bipolar disorder
Alternates between depression and overexcited hyperactivity
How many symptoms must u experience to have major depressive disorder
5 and 1 must be depressed mood or loss of interest
Anorexia nervosa
Person maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight
Bulimia nervosa
Person alternates binge eating with purging sometimes followed by fasting and excessive exercise
Binge eating disorder
Significant binge eating followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging or fasting or excessive exercise
Dissociative disorders
Controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
Dissociative identity disorder
Rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities
OCD
Repetitive thoughts and actions or both
PTSD
Is characterized by haunting memories nightmares social withdraw anxiety numbness of feeling or insomnia for 4 weeks or more after a traumatic experience
Personality disorders
Inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
Antisocial personality disorder
Shows lack of conscience for wrong doing even toward friends and family members
Schizophrenia positive symptoms
Presence of inappropriate behavior
Schizophrenia negative symptoms
A sense of appropriate behavior
Generalized anxiety disorder
Person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
Panic disorder
An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking
Agoraphobia
Fear or avoidance of public situations from which escape may be difficult
Phobia
Anxiety disorder marked by a persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity or situation
Social anxiety disorder
Fear people will hate you
The brain during depression
Brain activity slows increases during mania
Norephrenephrine scarce during a depression
Serotonin scarce
Exercise decreases depression increase serotonin
Rumination
Compulsive fretting overthinking about problems and their causes
Schizophrenia
A psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and or diminished inappropriate emotional expression
Symptoms of schizophrenia
Hallucinations, delusions, paranoid tendencies, word salad
Schizophrenia emotions
Flat effect, impaired theory of mind
Schizophrenia brain abnormalities
Dopamine overactivity, low active frontal lobes, vigorous thalamus and amygdala activity during hallucinations, enlarged cerebral tissues, smaller corpus callosum
Psychotherapy
A trained therapist uses psychological techniques to assist someone seeking to overcome difficulties or achieve personal growth
Biomedical therapy
Offers medications and other biological treatments; prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person’s physiology
Electric approach
Approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy
Psychoanalysis
Friends technique including free association resistances and dreams
