Exam #2 Flashcards
Aggression
Any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally
Relational aggression
An act of aggression intended to harm a persons relationship or social standing
Who is independent
Men
Who are interdependent
Women
Spermarche
First ejaculation
Menarche
First menstrual period
Puberty
Period of sexual maturation during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
Disorder of sexual development
A condition present at birth that involves unusual development of sex chromosomes and anatomy
Drive reduction theory
The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state that motivates an organism
Yerkes-Dodson law
The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases
Maslow hierarchy of needs
Self transcendence needs Self actualization needs Esteem needs Belongingness and love needs Safety needs Physiological needs
Ostracism
The deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups
Achievement motivation
A desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery of skills or ideas for control or for attaining high standard
Glucose
Is form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source source of energy for body tissues. When low triggers hunger
Set point
Is the bodies weight thermostat. When falls below this weight increased hunger and a lower metabolic rate may combine to restore rate
Basal metabolic rate
The body’s resting rate of energy expenditure
Arcuate nucleus
Neural are in the hypothalamus that secretes appetite suppressing hormones
Ghrelin
A hunger arousing hormone secreted by the empty stomach
Insulin
Hormone secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose
Leptin
Protein hormone secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger
Orexin
Hunger- triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus
PYY
Digestive tract hormone; sends I’m not hungry signals to brain
Five situational influences about eating habits
Arousing appetite: snacking when stressed
Friends and food: eat with friends
Serving size: how much
Selections stimulate: food variety promotes eating
Nudging nutrition: eat healthy improve habits
Obesity is associated with
Physical health risks
More bullying 6-9 years old
Increased depression
Lower physiological well being with women
The genetic factor of obesity
Identical twins similar weight u r ur parents weight
Factors to obesity
Sleep loss fall in leptin rise in ghrelin
Correlation with friends weight
Increased food lower activity
James Lange theory
Arousal comes before emotion
Experience of emotion involves awareness of our physiological responses to emotion- arousing stimuli
Cannon bard theory
Arousal and emotion happens same time
Emotion arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subject experience of emotion
Everything runs parallel
Two factor theory
Emotion must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal
Emotions have
- physical arousal
- cognitive appraisal
Spillover effect
Spillover arousal from one event to the next- influencing a response
Zajonc and Ledoux
Sometimes emotional response takes a neural shortcut that bypasses the cortex and goes directly to amygdala. Some emotional responses involve no deliberate thinking
Lazarus
Brain processes much information without conscious awareness but mental functioning still takes place. Emotions arise when an event is appraised as harmless or dangerous
Carroll Izard 10 basic emotions
Joy, guilt, shame, fear, contempt, disgust, anger, sadness, surprise, interest-excitement
Sympathetic nervous system
Arousing
Parasympathetic nervous system
Calming
Automatic nervous system
Sympathetic and parasympathetic fight or flight
Right frontal lobe emotions
Depression and negativity
Left frontal lobe
Happiness positive
Confirmation bias
Predisposes us to verify rather than challenge our preconceptions
Algorithm
Logical rule or procedure that garuntees a solution to a problem
Heuristic
Is a simpler strategy that is usually speedier than an algorithm but is also more error prone
Insight
Is not a strategy based solution but rather a sudden flash of inspiration that solves a problem
Cognition
All mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Prototype
One of the categories in cognition
Fixation
Such as a mental set, may prevent us from taking the fresh perspective that would lead to a solution
Intuition
Is an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought with explicit conscious reasoning
Availability heuristic
Can distort judgement by estimating event likelihood based on memory availability
Belief preservation
Occurs when we cling to beliefs and ignore evidence that proves these are wrong
Framing
The way we present an issue- sways our decisions and judgment (presented good or bad could sway us)
Divergent thinking
Expands the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions
Convergent thinking
Narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
Language
Our spoken, written or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
Phonemes
Are smallest distinctive sound units in language
Morphemes
Are smallest language units that carry meaning
Grammar
Is the system of rules that enables humans to communicate with one and other
One word stage
Enter stage at 1
They begin to use barely recognizable syllables
First words often nouns that label objects or people
Two word stage
18 months
Word to each week to a word a day
Telegraphic speech
Early speech using nouns and verbs
Order words in sensible order
Broca’s area
Impairs speaking
Wernicke’s area
Impairs understanding language
Aphasia
An impairment of language usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to broca’s or wernicke’s
Linguistic determinism
Language determines the way we think
Intelligence
Mental potential to learn from experience
Charles Spearman
People have one general intelligence that the heart of everything a person does
Gardeners 8 intelligences
Naturalist Linguistic Logical Musical Spatial Bodily Interpersonal Intrapersonal
Sternberg’s three intelligences
Analytical intelligence (academic problem solving) Creative intelligence (generate novel ideas) Practical intelligence (handling tasks)
Emotional intelligence
The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
Perceiving emotions
Recognizing faces music stories
Understanding emotions
Predicting them
Managing emotions
Knowing how to express them
Crystallized intelligence
Accumulated knowledge as reflected in vocabulary and analogy tests
Increases as we get older
Fluid intelligence
Ability to reason speedily and abstractly, as when solving unfamiliar logic problems
Heritability
The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes
Men interaction style
Offer more opinion
Women interaction style
Offer more support
X chromosome
Sex chromosome found in both men and women
Y chromosome
Sex chromosome found only in males
Testosterone
Both in males and females females have less then males
Puberty
Period of sexual maturation during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
Primary sex characteristics
Body structures that make sexual reproduction
Secondary sex characteristics
Non reproductive sexual traits like boobs
Social learning theory
Proposes social behavior is learned by observing and imitating others gender linked by behavior and by being rewarded or punished
Gender typing
The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role
Androgyny
Both masculine and female psychological characteristics
Estrogens
Sex hormone greater in females
Sexual response cycle
Excitement
Plateau
Orgasm
Resolution
Sexual dysfunction
Problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning
Erectile disorder
Inability to develop or maintain an errection due to blood flow
Female orgasm disorder
Distress due to never having an orgasm
Paraphilias
Sexual arrousal from fanasties behaviors or urges involving non human objects
