FINAL Flashcards
1
Q
- a measurement device or technique used to quantify behavior or aid in the understanding and prediction of behavior
- devices we use to translate observations into numbers
A
test
2
Q
a specific stimulus to which a person responds overtly; this response can be scored or evaluated
A
item
3
Q
a set of items designed to measure characteristics of human beings that pertain to behavior
A
psychological test
4
Q
overt behavior
A
observable activity
5
Q
covert behavior
A
occurs within a person and cannot be directly observed (thoughts and feelings)
6
Q
relate raw scores on test items to some defined theoretical or empirical distribution
A
scales
7
Q
traits
A
enduring characteristics or tendencies
8
Q
states
A
specific conditions or status
9
Q
scores on tests may be related to
A
traits and states
10
Q
individual tests
A
given to one person at a time
11
Q
group tests
A
can be administered to more than one person at a time by a single test administrator
12
Q
test administrator
A
person who gives the test
13
Q
scored in terms of speed, accuracy, or both
A
ability test
14
Q
measures previous learning
A
achievement test
15
Q
measures potential for learning or acquiring a specific skill
A
aptitude
16
Q
measures a person’s general potential to solve problems, adapt to changes in circumstances, think abstractly, and profit from experience
A
intelligence
17
Q
measures typical behavior related to overt and covert dispositions of an in
A
personality
18
Q
provide a statement and require the subject to choose between two or more alternative responses
- self-report
- true false
A
structured/objective tests
19
Q
the stimulus, the response, or both are ambiguous
- Rorschach
- TAT
A
projective tests
20
Q
all possible uses, applications, and underlying concepts of psychological and educational tests
A
psychological testing
21
Q
Main uses
A
evaluate differences or variations among individuals
- abilities
- personality
- assume actual differences
22
Q
- accuracy, dependability, consistency, or repeatability of test results
- greater reliability = less error
A
reliability
23
Q
meaning or usefulness of test results
degree to which a certain inference or interpretation based on the test is appropriate
A
validity
24
Q
method of gathering information through verbal interaction
A
interview
25
who "invented" standardized testing, when, and what for?
Chinese
4,000 years ago
Proficiency - reading, writing, math, etc.
26
two or more tests used in conjunction
test batteries
27
Individual differences
Darwin
28
experimented to show difference in sensory and motor functioning
Galton
29
- coined the term 'mental test'
- established first psychology lab in U.S.
- individual differences and reaction time
James McKeen Cattell
30
used math models as a basis for educational theories
Herbart
31
attempted to demonstrate the existence of a psychological threshold; minimum stimulus needed for sensory activation
Weber
32
devised law that strength of a sensation grows as the log of stimulus intensity
Fechner
33
- founded the first psychology lab
- believe that people are more the same than different
- trained the first experimental psychologists
Wundt
34
Why did tests become necessary?
need to identify and classify mentally and emotionally handicapped people
35
Binet-Simon
- first intelligence test
| - based on cognitive processes
36
Binet-Simon was supposed to differentiate between
capable, mentally limited, those who were capable but still didn't learn
37
sample with individuals similar to those for whom the test is to be used
representative sample
38
a measurement of a child's performance on a test relative to other children in the same age group
mental age
39
standardized the Binet-Simon and created a test manual
Lewis Terman
40
- created a nonverbal intelligence test for incoming immigrants
- eugenics
- controversial
- didn't account for SES or education
Goddard at Ellis Island
41
World War I
Schools, colleges, industries, the military
42
multiple choice questions that are standardized on a large sample
achievement tests
43
measure presumably stable characteristics or traits that, theoretically, underlie behavior
personality tests
44
-developed during WWI to screen recruits
First-Woodworth Personal Data Sheet
45
method of finding the minimum number of dimensions, called factors, to account for a large number of variables
factor analysis
46
- personality test
- Cattell
- well-structured
- uses factor analysis
16PF
47
methods used to provide a concise description of a collection of quantitative information
descriptive
48
methods used to make inferences from observations of a sample to the population
inferential
49
application of rules for assigning numbers to objects
measurement
50
specific procedures used to transform qualities of attributes into numbers
rules
51
"moreness"; when a particular instance of the attribute represents more, less, or equal amounts of the given quantity than does another instance
magnitude
52
when the difference between two points at any place on the scale has the same meaning as the difference between two other points that differ by the same number of scale units
equal intervals
53
when nothing of the property being measured exists
absolute zero
54
to name objects; for qualitative info
nominal
55
has magnitude; allows for rank, but does not have equal intervals
ordinal
56
magnitude and equal intervals - no true zero
interval
57
magnitude, equal intervals, and absolute zero
ratio
58
summarizes scores for a group of individuals
distribution
59
- displays scores on a variable or a measure to reflect how frequently each value was obtained
- defines all possible scores
frequency distribution
60
-mean 50, SD 10
McCall's T
61
interquartile range
Q3-Q1
62
- any set of numbers into a transformed scale
| - range from 1-9
stanine system
63
the performances of defined groups on particular tests
| -used to give information about performance relative to what has been observed in a standardization sample
norms
64
ways to express norms
- z-scores
- percentiles
- means
65
compares each person with a norm
norm-referenced test
66
describes the specific types of skills, tasks, or knowledge the test taker can demonstrate
criterion-referenced test
67
two scores for each individual
bivariate distribution
68
visual display of the relationships between variables
scatter diagram
69
determining whether two variables covary
correlation
70
mathematical index that describes the direction and magnitude of the relationship
correlational coefficient
71
technique used to make prediction about scores on one variable based on knowledge of scores on another variable
regression
72
- the best-fitting straight line through a set of points in a scatter diagram; the running mean or line of least squares, which minimizes the squared deviation around the regression line
- the mean will always be the point of least squares
regression line
73
shows the best linear relationship between X and Y
regression equation (slope formula)
74
the difference between the observed and the predicted Y values
residual
75
ratio used to determine the degree of variation in one variable that can be estimated from knowledge about variation in the other variable
Pearson product moment correlation coefficient
76
pictures showing the relationship between variables
regression plots
77
using information gained from representative groups and making an educated guess about an individual, typically that they will be at lease average
normative
78
- method for finding the association between two sets of ranks; coefficient (r)
- rank but not actual scores
Spearman's rho
79
expresses the relationship between a continuous variable and an artificial dichotomous variable
biserial correlation
80
reflect an underlying continuous scale forced into a dichotomy
artificial dichotomous
81
one true dichotomous variable is used
point biserial correlatoin
82
both dichotomous, one true
phi coefficient
83
both artificially dichotomous
tetrachoric correlation
84
- squared correlation coefficient; tells us the proportion of the total variation in Y that is a function of X
- determines how much fo the variance in Y is a function of X
coefficient of determination
85
- measure of nonassociation between two variables
| - determines how much variance is left over that is not accounted for by X
coefficient of alienation
86
- the amount of decrease observed when a regression equation is created for one population and then applied to another
- tend to overestimate the relationship in small samples
shrinkage
87
a process to ensure proper references are being made
- use regression equation to predict performance in one sample, other than the one the equation was applied to
- standard error of estimate can then be calculated for the relationship between the values predicted by the equation and the observed values
cross validation
88
correlation and regression use variability for explanations and predictions; if variability is restricted, significant correlations will be hard to find
restricted range
89
considers the relationship among combinations of three or more variables and one possible outcome
multivariate analysis
90
a weight composite of the original variables
linear combinations
91
goal is to find the linear combination of the three variables that provides the best prediction for the outcome
multiple regression
92
the correlation between the original items and the factors
factor loadings
93
put the ideas of sampling error and Pearson's r together
Reliability theory
94
uses computer technology to advance psychological measurement
Item response theory
95
-on average, how much a score varies from the true score
| -
Standard Error of Measurement
96
- using a limited number of items to test a larger construct
| - more items = greater reliability
domain sampling
97
focuses on range of item difficulty that assesses an individual's ability (test gets harder if you get more questions right)
item response theory
98
the will always be some inaccuracy in measurement
error
99
Standard Error of the difference
Tells you if two scores are significantly different enough
100
ratio of variance of the true scores on a test to the variance of observed scores
reliability coefficient
101
-test administered on two different occaisions
test-retest/stability
102
first testing session influences the second
carryover/practice effects
103
two equivalent forms of a test measure the same attribute
parallel/alternate forms/equivalent
104
item/scale homogeneity
do all the items measure the same thing?
best reliability estimate
internal consistency
105
tells you how many items are needed to reach a certain power
Spearman Brown
106
used for dichotomous scoring (true/false, multi, y or n)
Kudan-Richardson KR20
107
used for tests that are not dichotomous
Coefficient alpha
108
the agreement between a test score measure and the quality it is believed to measure
validity
109
judgement of items sampling intended domain
content validity
110
compare test in question to already established standard
criterion related validity
- concurrent
- predictive
111
tests administered at the same time
concurrent validity
112
test is being evaluated on how well it can predict scores on the criterion
predictive validity
113
give test to different groups and compare
| -EFA and CFA
construct validity
114
a statistical analysis to predict a categorical dependent variable (called a grouping variable) by one or more continuous or binary independent variables (called predictor variables).
discriminant function analysis
115
comparison of true positive rate to false positive rate
Receiver-Operator-Characteristic (ROC curve)
116
Test development is made up of..(5)
- conceptualization
- construction
- tryout
- analysis
- revision
117
-who? what? why? of testing
conceptualization
118
scaling, scoring, adminstration
construction
119
pilot study
tryout
120
the capacity to find and maintain a definite direction or purpose, to make necessary strategy adjustments to achieve that purpose, and to engage in self-criticism
intelligence
121
Binet's principles of intelligence
age differentiation & general mental ability
122
differentiating older children from younger children by their differing abilities
age differentiation
123
the total product of the various separate and distinct elements of intelligence
general mental ability
124
intelligence consists of one general factor (g) plus a large number of specific factors
Spearman's Model of General Mental Ability
125
when a set of diverse ability tests are administered to large unbiased samples, almost all correlations are positive
positive manifold
126
ratio score of a subject's mental age in conjunction with chronological age (IQ = MA/CA x 100)
Intelligence quotient (IQ)
127
standard score with M=100 and SD=15
deviation IQ
128
reflects learning and realization of original potential through experience
crystallized abilities
129
original potential, or basic capabilities that an individual uses to acquire crystallized abilities
fluid-analytic abilities
130
Wechsler vs. Binet
W had point scale - B had age scale
| W had non-verbal performance scale
131
individual receives a specific amount of credit for each item passed, making it easy to group items of a particular content together
point scale
132
scale that provides a measure of nonverbal intelligence
performance scale
133
the relatively stable and distinct patterns of behavior that characterize an individual and his/her reactions to the environment
personality
134
nonintellective aspects of human behavior, typically distinguished from mental abilities
personality characteristics
135
relatively enduring dispositions; tendencies to act think or feel in a certain manner in any given circumstance and that distinguished one person from another
personality traits
136
general descriptions of people
personality type
