Exam 3 Flashcards
examines the elemental structure of a test through an evaluation of its correlate and underlying dimensions
psychometric approach to intelligence
examines the processes that underlie how we learn and solve problems
information-processing approach to intelligence
focuses on how humans adapt to real world demands
cognitive approach to intelligence
Binet’s Principles of Test Construction
Age differentiation and general mental ability
Binet’s definition of intelligence
- to find and maintain a definite direction or purpose
- to make necessary adaptations to achieve that purpose
- to engage in self-criticism so that necessary adjustments in strategy can be made
the simple fact that one can differentiate older children from younger children by the former’s greater capabilities
age differentiation
the total product of the various separate and distinct elements of intelligence
general mental ability
Spearman’s theory of intelligence
intelligence consists of one general factor plus a large number of specific factors
based on the well-documented phenomenon that when a set of diverse ability tests are administered to large unbiased samples of the population, almost all of the correlations are positive
psychometric g (positive manifold)
a method for reducing a set of variables or scores to a smaller number of hypothetical variables called factors - one can determine how much variance a set of tests or scores have in common
factor analysis
theory that there are two basic types of intelligence: fluid and crystallized
gf-gf theory
those abilities that allow us to reason, think, and acquire new knowledge
fluid intelligence
represents the knowledge and understanding that we have acquired
crystallized intelligence
Binet-Simon’s three levels of intellectual deficiency
Idiot-most severe
imbecile-moderate
moron-mildest
Downfall’s of the 1905 Binet-Simon scales
- lacked adequate measuring unit to express results
- lacked validity
- norms were based on far too small a sample
items are grouped according to age level
age scale
1908 Binet-Simon Scale
- improvement
- age scale format
- mental age
1916 Stanford-Binet
- larger sample
- not representative
- IQ
used a subject’s mental age in conjunction with his or her chronological age to obtain a ratio score, reflecting the subject’s rate of mental development
intelligence quotient (IQ)
1973 scale
- extended down the 2-year old level and up to 22 years
- added some tests beyond verbal skills
- standardization sample improved
- ALTERNATE FORMS
1973 scale issues
- reliability was not stable
- variability off
1960 Stanford-Binet
-deviation IQ
16 point deviation from a mean of 100 (how many deviations above/below the mean)
deviation IQ
Modern Binet Scale
-three group factors
three group factors
fluid
crystal
short term memory
1986 revision
- age scale eliminated - bad
- organized by content
- hierarchical model
2003 5th addition
- age scale and point scale
- equal verbal and nonverbal
- mixture of tasks - maintains interest
- start point
- 15 point SD
- 2-85+ age
contains similar content of increasing difficulty
point scale
level at which a minimum criterion number of correct responses is obtained
basal
a certain number of incorrect responses that indicate the items are too difficult
ceiling
performed tasks rated on performance and not answering questions
measures nonverbal intelligence
performance scale
measures verbal intelligence
verbal scale
an age-corrected standard score of 10 with a standard deviation of 3
scaled score
Why was the Wechsler scale created?
Binet was deemed inappropriate for use in adults
Wechsler vs. Binet
W had point scale and use of non-verbal performance scale
characterized by structure and lack of ambiguity
structured/objective
- uses reason and deductive logic in the development of personality measures
- doesn’t have a way to check for ‘faking’
- woodworth personal data sheet
- early multidimensional logical-content scales
- mooney problem checklist
logic-content strategy
- begins with a theory about the nature of the particular characteristic to be measured and goes from there
- Edwards Personal Preference Schedule
theoretical strategy
criterion-group strategy and factor analytic strategy
empirical strategies
criterion-group strategy and factor analytic strategy
empirical strategies
relatively stable and distinctive patterns of behavior that characterize and individual and his or her reactions to the environment
baseline of character
personality
personality is a combination of
traits and states
deviation
psychopathology
the more projective tests you use the weaker your test becomes
dilution effect
tests can be classified by 3 aspects
Guilford’s model of intelligence
3 aspects of test classification
contents, products, and operations
piaget’s stages of cognitive development
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, schemas
Cattell-Horn
- crystallized and fluid intelligence
- 10 basic tests of human faculties
Carrell
said G was most important
nonintellective aspects of human behavior typically distinguished from mental abilities
personality characteristics
general descriptions of people
personality types
a person’s self-definition
an organized and relatively consistent set of assumptions that a person has about himself or herself
self-concept
suggests that we can use data to tell what items will be useful for differentiating deviant from ‘normal’ people
empirical criterion keying
- begins with a criterion group of a collection of individuals that share a characteristic, they’re tested, and the results are checked for items that distinguish the criterion from the control group
- MMPI
criterion group strategy
checking how well a scale distinguished a criterion sample from a control group
cross-validate
- uses factor analysis to derive empirically the basic dimensions of personality
- find the minimum number of factors that account for as much of the variability as possible, and attempt to label these factors based on common variables
- Guilford
- Cattell
factor-analytic strategy
Woodworth Personal Data Sheet
- identified military recruits who would break down during combat
- psychiatric interview on paper
- controlled for false positives
criticisms of the Logical content Approach
-subjects evaluating their own behavior
MMPI
- has adjustment scales (lie scale, frequency scale, k scale)
- T Scores
- distinguishes normal from abnormal groups
- diagnosis or assessment
Lie Scale
personality flaws that we should be able to admit to, but liars cannot
Frequency Scale
very severe pathological issues, if one affirms many they may be faking bad
K scale
might be lying to make oneself look better
California Psychological Inventory (CPI)
-evaluates personality in normally adjusted individuals
Problems with the factor analytic strategy
-subjective nature of naming factors
NEO-PI
- combination strategy
- studies the absence of psychopathology
- supports the 5 factor model of personality
when people attempt to understand an ambiguous or vague stimulus, their interpretation of that stimulus reflects their needs, feelings, experiences, prior conditioning, thought process and so forth.
projective hypothesis
Rorschach
- not clinically validated
- Exner’s norms - flawed
- overpathologizing
- unreliable scoring
- lack of relationship to diagnosis
- lack of validity
- Problem of “R” (responses)
Holtzman
- one response per card
- standardized
- won’t exaggerate the usefulness like Rorschach
- shitty as the Rorschach
Spearman’s theory of intelligence
- two-factor
- if you were good at one you were likely good at another
Thurstone and the primary mental abilities
- 7 independent uncorrelated factors
- cheated to make them uncorrelated
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
- well received by scientific community
- based on Murray’s theory of needs
- conservative claims
- not diagnostic
- psychometrically unsound
