Exam 1

Question 1

all psychological services offered to the public must meet these minimal criteria:
1. the exact nature of the service must be described clearly
2. the claimed benefited of the service must be stated explicitly
3. these claimed benefits must be validated scientifically
4 the possible negative side effects that might outweigh any benefits must be considered and ruled out empicially

Answer 1

McFall’s First Corollary

Question 2

the primary and overriding objective of doctoral training programs in clinical psychology must be to produce the most competent clinical scientists possible

Answer 2

McFall’s Second Corollary

Question 3

a scientific epistemology distinguishes science from pseudoscience

Answer 3

McFall’s Third Corollary

Question 4

According to McFall’s Third Corollary..

Answer 4

1. skepticism is the appropriate and legitimate stance towards any claims about psychological services
2. the burden of proof regarding the validity of any psychological service rests squarely on the proponents of that services
3. skeptics are not required to prove the negative case. The absence of negative evidence is not equivalent to positive support of the validity of a service.
4. untested services do not deserve special status: the world is full of untested notions. Skeptics should trust treat untested services as “invalid” until convinced otherwise by the empirical evidence
5. beware of the logical fallacy, “affirming the consequent.” Claims about outcomes and theoretical explanations for those outcomes must be tested separately. For example, although evidence may show that a treatment is beneficial, this does not mean that the theoretical explanation offered for this effect is also correct
6. results are specific. Be conservative about generalizing positive results to untested problems, stimuli, methods, therapists, patients, measures, conditions, etc. Small changes sometimes produce dramatically different results.
7. in the abuse of specific evidence it is better

Question 5

The most caring and humane psychological services are those that have been shown empirically to be the most effective, efficient, and safe. Genuine caring requires the highest level of scientific rigor. Anything less, no matter how well intentioned, is likely to yield less beneficial results.

Answer 5

McFall’s Fourth Corollary

Question 6

consistency in scores/measurement

Answer 6

reliability

Question 7

appropriateness of inferences based on test scores

Answer 7

validity

Question 8

individual applications: prediction for the individual, diagnostic utility, classification of individuals

Answer 8

utility

Question 9

• appropriateness of test use/generalization of test scores

- a distribution of scores on a measure in some standardization manner

Answer 9

norms

Question 10

why do we use tests?

Answer 10

• education (quantifiable comparisons)

- diagnoses/mandates for assessment

Question 11

rights of test takers

Answer 11

1. informed consent
2. be informed of results (and recommendations)
3. right to not have privacy invaded
4. least stigmatizing label
5. confidentiality

Question 12

descriptive statistics

Answer 12

describe the characteristics of data

Question 13

inferential statistics

Answer 13

makes an inference about the population

Question 14

experimental design

Answer 14

controlling outside variable

Question 15

nominal level

Answer 15

gives it a name

Question 16

ordinal level

Answer 16

order on a continuum (rank order)

Question 17

interval level

Answer 17

equal intervals; no ratios

Question 18

ratio level

Answer 18

equal intervals; true, meaningful zero point

Question 19

every person in the population has an equal change of being picked

Answer 19

random sample

Question 20

pick sample variables to match the population representatively

Answer 20

stratified sample