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Cognitive Neuroscience > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

cell body containing the nucleus, filled with cytoplasm containing special structures such as mitochondria

A

soma

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2
Q

branch-like structure attached to the soma that receives information from the terminal buttons of other neurons

A

dendrites

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3
Q

long thin tube transferring information from the soma to the terminal buttons

A

axon

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4
Q

knob-like structure at the end of a neuron containing neurotransmitters (that are held in beadlike structures called synaptic vesicles)

A

terminal buttons

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5
Q

covering over the axon to insulate and increase efficiency and accuracy of message transmission

A

myelin sheath

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6
Q

the brief electrical impulse that causes a rapid reversal of the membrane potential

A

action potential

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7
Q

a drug that facilitates the effects of a neurotransmitter on a postsynaptic cell

A

agonist

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8
Q

a drug that blocks or inhibits the effects of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell

A

antagonist

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9
Q

balance of diffusion and electrostatic pressure

A

membrane potential

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10
Q

junction between the terminal button of one neuron and the membrane of another

A

synapse

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11
Q

outermost layer of gray matter covering the brain; place of voluntary action, learning, interpretation

A

cerebral cortex

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12
Q

higher order thinking, planning, judgement, impulse control, motor movement

A

frontal lobe

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13
Q

auditory sensation and speech

A

temporal lobe

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14
Q

associated with emotional functioning and memory

A

limbic system

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15
Q

memory

A

hippocampus

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16
Q

emotions, especially fear and aggression

A

amygdala

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17
Q

motor system involvement, control of movement

A

basal ganglia

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18
Q

projects sensory information to specific regions of the cerebral cortex and receives information back

A

thalamus

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19
Q

a group of cell bodies within the LGN of the thalamus; receives inputs from the retina and projects to the primary visual cortex

A

dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus

20
Q

key role in inducing sleep; activity of these neurons causes inhibition of areas in the brain responsible for cortical activity and arousal

A

ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA)

21
Q

critical for female sexual behavior

A

ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH)

22
Q

area of the brain involved in formulating plans and strategies; regulation of emotions; plays role in moral judgement and decision making

A

prefrontal cortex

23
Q

sensory interpretation and integration

A

parietal lobe

24
Q

visual sensation and processing

A

occipital lobe

25
Q

arousal (waking, sleeping) and filtering incoming sensory input (to discriminate the irrelevant)

A

reticular formation

26
Q

regulation and coordination of movement, posture, and balance

A

cerebellum

27
Q

regulation of the autonomic nervous system and survival behaviors (hunger, thirst, sexual response)

A

hypothalamus

28
Q

maintaining vital functions such as breathing and heart rate

A

medulla

29
Q

a large bundle of axons that interconnects corresponding regions of the association cortex on each side of the brain

A

corpus callosum

30
Q

critical for male sexual behavior; critical for parenting behavior

A

medial preoptic area (MPA)

31
Q

associated with muscular movement, increases cortical activity, facilitates REM sleep, learning, and formation of memories

A

acetylcholine

32
Q

associated with movement, attention, learning, reinforcing effects of abused drugs

A

dopamine

33
Q

associated with an increase in vigilance and attentiveness; promotes arousal; plays a role in controlling REM sleep

A

norepinephrine

34
Q

associated with regulation of mood; control of eating, sleeping, and arousal; regulation of pain; decreased aggression; increases cortical activity and locomotion

A

serotonin

35
Q

an amino acid that is the principle excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and spinal cord

A

glutamate

36
Q

an amino acid that is the key inhibitory neurotransmitter to keep the brain stable

A

GABA

37
Q

an amino acid that is the key inhibitory neurotransmitter in the lower brain and spinal cord

A

glycine

38
Q

promotes wakefulness

A

histamine

39
Q

associated with pair bonding to mates and offspring; released in response to meaningful touch, sexual intercourse, onset of labor, and nursing; associated with increased levels of trust

A

oxytocin

40
Q

excitatory, promotes wakefulness; active during wakefulness, inactive during sleep

A

orexin

41
Q

a chemical in the brain that builds and maintains cell circuitry as well as increasing the ability for LTP; improves signal strength between neurons; activates genes that increase production of serotonin, proteins to build synapse, and BDNF itself; strengthens growth of neurons and protects against factors leading to cell death

A

BDNF

42
Q

a neuromodulator that is produced as the result of metabolism of glycogen (which is the brains fuel)

A

adenosine

43
Q

associated with pair bonding to mates and offspring

A

vasopressin

44
Q

a peptide hormone released in the stomach when it is empty that is an important hunger signal; increases eating behavior

A

ghrelin

45
Q

provides long-term regulation of body fat by acting as an anti-obesity hormone; normally secreted by well-nourished fat cells; increases metabolic rate; increases activity level; decreases eating behavior

A

leptin

Cognitive Neuroscience (9 decks)

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