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Intro. to General + Organic Chemistry > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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1
Q

3 States of Matter

A
  1. Gas
  2. Liquid
  3. Solid
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2
Q

Physical Property

A

observed without chaining the composition

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3
Q

Chemical Property

A

change in composition

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4
Q

Physical Change

A

recognizable difference in appearance

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5
Q

Chemical Change (Reaction)

A

process of rearranging, removing, replacing, or adding atoms to a new substance

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6
Q

Element

A

pure substance that cannot be changed into simpler form of matter by any chemical reaction

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7
Q

Fahrenheit

A

1.8 x C + 32

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8
Q

Celsius

A

F- 32 / 1.8

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9
Q

Kelvin

A

C +273

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10
Q

Law of Conservation of Energy

A
  1. energy cannot be created nor destroyed
  2. energy may be converted form one form to another
  3. energy conversion always occurs with less than 100% efficiency
  4. all chemical reactions involve either a gain or loss of energy
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11
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

energy of motion

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12
Q

Potential Energy

A

stored energy

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13
Q

Subatomic Particles

A
  • electron
  • nucleus
  • proton
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14
Q

Atomic Number

Mass Number

A
  • the number of protons in the atom

- sum of the number of protons and neutrons

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15
Q

Isotopes

A

atoms of an element that have the same number of protons and electrons but different number of neutrons. the periodic table refers to the averaged mass number of an element

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16
Q

Who created the Periodic Table of Elements?

A

Dmitri Mendeleev

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17
Q

Covalent
Non polar
Polar
Diatomic

A
  • attractive force due to the sharing of electrons
  • equal share of electrons
  • unequal share of electrons
  • completely shared
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18
Q

Ionic

A

transfer of one or more electrons form one atom to another

-consists of a metal (cation) and a nonmetal (anion)

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19
Q

Electronegativity

A

measure of the ability to attract an electron in a chemical bond

  • nonpolar: 0
  • polar: 1.9
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20
Q

Naming Ionic Compounds

A

Name the cation and anion, but change the ending of the anion to ‘ide’

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21
Q

Naming Covalent Bonds

A 
1 mono
2 di
3 tri
4 tetra
5 penta
6 hexa
7 hepta
8 octa
9 nona 
10 deca
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22
Q

Combination

A

A + B —> AB

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23
Q

Decomposition

A

AB –> A + B

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24
Q

Single Replacement

A

A + BC –> B + AC

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25
Q

Double Replacement

A

AB + CD –> AD + BC

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26
Q

Combustion

A

contais CO2 and H2O

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27
Q

Laws of Conservation of Mass

A
  • matter cannot be either gained or lost in the process of a chemical reaction
  • total mass of the products must equal the total mass of the reactions
28
Q

Law of Thermodynamics

A
  • energy cannot be created nor destroyed inly converted form one form to another
  • the universe spontaneously tends toward increasing disorder and randomness
  • enemy of the universe is constant
29
Q

Exothermic

A

the energy required to break the bonds is less than the energy released

30
Q

Endothermic

A

the energy required to break the bonds i larger than the energy released

31
Q

Equilibrium Constants

A

wA + xB –> yC + zD

keq= [C]y [D] z
________
[A] w [B]x

32
Q

Arrhenius Acids + Bases

A
  • ionization: donate a proton

- dissociation: accept a proton

33
Q

Bronzed-Lowry Acid- Base Theory

A

Acid: donate a proton
Base: accept a proton
Conjugate Acid: species formed when a proton is added to a base
Conjugate Base: species that remains when a proton is removed from an acid

34
Q

Redox Reaction

A

a chemical reaction in which there is a transfer of electrons from one reactant to another

35
Q

Nonredox Reaction

A

a chemical reaction in which there is no transfer of electrons from one reactant to another

36
Q

Oxidation

A

process where a chemical reaction loses one or more electrons

37
Q

Reduction

A

process where a reactant in a chemical reaction gains one or more electrons

38
Q

Oxidizing Agent

A

the reactant that accepts the electrons

39
Q

Reducing Agent

A

the reactant that provides the electrons

40
Q

Structural Formulas

A
  1. Expanded
  2. Condensed
  3. Skeletal
  4. Line Angle
41
Q

Isomerism

A
  • Positional: position of double bond has changed

- Skeletal: skeletal structure has changed

42
Q

IPUAC for Alkanes

A
  1. Identify the parent chain
  2. Number the carbon atoms starting closest to the substituent
  3. Identify alkyl groups
  4. name alkyl group and like alkyl groups using greek prefixes
  5. name alkyl groups in alphabetical order
43
Q

IUPAC numbering

A 
1 meth
2 eth
3 prop
4 but
5 pent
6 hex
7 hept 
8 octa
9 nona
10 deca
44
Q

IUPAC for Alkenes + Alkynes

A
  1. replace alkane suffice to end or yne
  2. select the longest carbon chain
  3. start numbering closest to the double bond
  4. specify where the double bond is numerically
  5. use prefixes diene and triene when there is more than one double bond present
45
Q

Properties of alcohols

A
  • hydroxyl group is polar

- alkyl group is nonpolar

46
Q

Chemical Reactions of Alcohols

A
  1. Combustion: oxygen is a reactant in the equation
  2. Dehydration: oxygen is removed from equation
  3. Oxidation: addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen; adding oxygen will result in carboxylic acid and removing hydrogen will result in a ketone
  4. Halogenation: halide
47
Q

Phenol

A

benzene with a substituent of OH

48
Q

IUPAC naming of ether

A
  1. select longest carbon chain and use name as the base name
  2. change the yl ending of hydrocarbon to oxy to obtain the alkoxy group name
  3. place the alkoxy name with a locator number in front of the base chain name
49
Q

Physical Properties of Ether

A

-ethers are soluble in water and can H bond

50
Q

Physical Properties of Thiol

A

lack of H bonding

lower boiling point than alcohol

51
Q

IUPAC Naming for Aldehydes

A
  1. Find longest parent chain that includes carbon atom of the carbonyl group
  2. name the parent chain by chaining the ending e to al
  3. number the parent chain by assigning the number 1 to the carbonyl carbon atom
  4. determine and identify the location of any substituents and place at the front of the naem
52
Q

IPUAC Naming for Ketones

A
  1. Find longest parent chain that includes the carbon atom of the carbonyl group
  2. name the parent chain by changing e to one
  3. number the carbon chain closest to the carbonyl carbon atom
  4. determine and identify the location of any substituents add to front of parent name
53
Q

Reactions of Aldehydes + Ketones

A

Oxidation: take away a H; aldehydes will be turned into carboxylic acid and ketones will have no reaction
Reduction: aldehydes will produce primary alcohols and ketones will produce secondary alcohols

54
Q

Acetal Hydrolysis

A
  1. pull off one OR and one R group
  2. Add H2O
  3. make aldehyde or ketone depending on what else is attached to the C
55
Q

IUPAC for Naming Monocarboxylic Acids

A
  1. Parent Chain that includes the carboxyl group
  2. name parent chain by changing ending e to oic
  3. number the parent chain by assigning the number 1 to the carboxyl carbon atom
  4. determine and identify the location of any substituents
56
Q

IUPAC Naming for Dicarboxylic Acids

A

add ending dioic

57
Q

IUPAC Naming for Aromatic Benzenes

A

add ending benzoic

58
Q

Esterification Reaction

A

reaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol to produce ester

59
Q

IUPAC Naming for Esters

A
  1. identify the acid and alcohol
  2. name the alcohol part
  3. Name the acid part by dropping the ic ending and changing it to ate
60
Q

Ester Hydrolysis

A

ester reacts with water to create a carboxylic acid and an alcohol

61
Q

Saponification

A

ester reacts with water to create carboxylic salt and an alcohol

62
Q

IUPAC Naming for Amine

A
  1. parent chain with N attached
  2. change ending e to amine
  3. number the parent chain closest to N
  4. substituents
63
Q

NH2

A

amino

64
Q

Aniline

A

benzene group with an amino attachment

65
Q

IUPAC for Amide

A
  1. oic to amide

2. N locator

66
Q

Amidification

A

results in an amide and H2O

67
Q

Hydrolysis fo Amide

A

results in a carboxylic acid and an amine

Intro. to General + Organic Chemistry (9 decks)

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