Final #4 Flashcards
What is cosmopolitanism?
Typically the ideas and institutions within a society that allow for cooperation in the face of conflict.
What is Exclusivism?
“Otherness” is promoted for anyone not conforming to the common ideal whether that is ethno-racial, political, religious or some other characteristic. The intention is to actively exclude the “other.”
What was another name for WWI?
The Great War
When was WWI?
1914-1918
How many casualties were in WWI?
15 million from war and triple that from genocides
What was the “cause” of WWI?
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary on June 18, 1914
What are Kaiser and Tsar names for?
Caesar
Russia had serfs. What are serfs?
A combination of slave and peasant (tied to the land)
What is one thing that Russia will always need?
Warm Water
In the east Russia had…
The Black Sea Port
How did Russia gain a port in the west?
China leased Port Arthur and started building railroads to connect their new port to their existing Railroads in russsia
What areas did Japan want to acquire?
Korea and Manchuria
Why couldn’t Japan have Manchuria?
Russia was in Manchuria and wanted Korea
When was the Russo-Japanese War?
1904-1905 Japan won
Who were the Triple Entente?
France, Britain, Russia (The Allies)
Who were the Triple Alliance?
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (The Central Powers)
When was Chemical Warfare outlawed?
In 1925 at the Geneva Protocols
What was the Selective Service Act in 1917?
The Draft where they raised 2.5 million troops
When did WWI end?
November 11, 1918
What did women do in WWI?
They filled in manufacturing and agricultural roles and on the warfront, served as nurses, doctors, translators and ambulance drivers, but also as switchboard operators and even Navy Yeoman (in the US).
Armistice=Treaty. True or False?
False
Who had a speech outlining 14 points for world peace which included the returning of all territories, soverignity to be respected, and free travel and trade?
Woodrow Wilson
When was the Treaty of Versille signed?
1919 June
When was the League fo Nations formed?
Jan. 1920
What happened w/China after WWI.
Their territory was given to Japan which angered them and especially a Chinese activist named Mao Zedong
What are mandates?
When another power (usually the Europeans) takes control of a territory or nation and agrees to look after it.
In the Levant, what did France get?
Syria and Lebanon
After WWI Britain got…
Palestine and territory in Iraq and Africa
What was one big effect of WWI?
Turkey
What was the holocaust before the holocaust?
Armenia
What was Ethnic nationalism?
The concept of nationalism and a people continued to play a role in geopolitics.
Who governed the Otooman Empire?
The turks
What deal did the Arabs make with the Allies?
The allies then made a deal with Arab leader Hussein bin Ali and promised him Arab independence if he led a revolt against the Ottoman on their southern front. He agreed, and did so with the help of a British Intelligence officer named Thomas Edward Lawrence.
Did the British and French uphold their deal w/the Arab?
No
What agreement did the Allies and Arab sign?
Sykes-Picot agreement in 1915/6
What happened during the Interwar Period?
- It produced several sociocultural changed that did have some positive effects
- 1920 saw women in America get the right to vote
- Rise of Jazz
- Prosperity
- Signed Geneva Protocol in 1925 banning chemical and biological weapons
Why did the U.S. raise tarriffs?
B/c the stock market crashed, b/c of overusage of credit, bacnk closures, unemployment, and not help from the government
What is Fundamentalism?
A reaction to the “modern” world.
How does a fundamentalist look at the world?
- The modern world has done astray due to the corruption of the original principles or fundamentals of the society, religion, etc.
What does fundamentalist think their job is?
To purify the corruption and restore the society or religion to its original state
How did the Holocaust come about?
Due to a long history of anti-Jewish sentimen
What were the Jews blamed for doing?
Killing Jesus, the plague, periodically poison wells, desecrate the Host, and kidnap/murder Christian children during Easter week (blood libel)
What were Jews required to do?
Due to the Catholic Church’s 4th Lateran Council in 1215 CE, Jews had to wear specific clothing to identify them
What was an anti-Jewish activity often in Russia and Eastern Europe?
Progroms (systematic masacres of Jews)
How did most of the WWII era-Jewish activity grow out of?
Historic anti-Semitism combined with post-Enlightenment ideas about identity along with resentment, jealousy, and greed
Throughout the medieval period, what were Jews regularly called to do?
Be advisors, partner, translators, and financiers to rulers and merchants
What jobs were Jews limited to in the late medevial period and what did this result in?
Tax collecters and money lenders, which resulted in non-Jews owing Jews money
What effect did the book Protocols of the Elders of Zion published in Russia have?
- Increased anti-semitism
- Popular in UK
- Popular in America
- Popular with Germans
What was one of the most important parts of the “formula?”
Having someone else to blame
What was blamed on the Jews?
Communism, the British, the Media, Supply-Chain Issues, the Government, Foreigners, and Jews
What was on the key factors to WWII?
Bad feelings about WWI and the Great Depression, the Germans beign upset about the Treaty of Versailles, expansion of the fearof Communism.
What was considered acceptable counters to Communism?
Naxism and Fascism
When, what, where, and why about Fascism?
- 30s
- Ultra-nationalist authoritarian or dictorials form of government.
- Grew in popularity in Germnay (Hitler), Italy (Mussolini), and Spain (Franco) 30’s
- Had symbolic associations with the Romans and Empire
What do historians pinpoint as the start of the war?
The invasion of Poland in 1939
What allowed Hitler to rebuild his army, annex Austria, and seize part of Czechoslavakia?
Appeasement
When did WWII last?
1939-1945
Who were the Axis?
Germany, Italy, and Japan
Who were the Allies?
France, Great Britain, Russia* (Soviet Union), and United States (late again), and sort of China again.
What is total war?
An engagement tactic that does not recognize non-combatants, private property, or anything off limits in war.
Who brought the concept of total war?
The Mongols
What was one example of Total war?
The Blitz
What was the the Blitz?
- Sept. 7, 1940 - May 11, 1941
- German Luftwaffe dropped explosives on Britain
- 40,000 people killed; 3x ijured
Who did the Allies bomb?
Dresden, Germany
What was the Holocaust?
The name given to the well-known genocide of 6 million Jews and many others by the Nazis during World War II. Total war against Jews
Why did Germany surrender?
- B/c of D-day
- Mussolini killed in Italy
- Hitler commited suicide
When did the Japanese surrender?
August 15, 1945
Ideas of Just War?
Jus ad Bellum
- Criteria to go to war
- When/What conditions
Jus in Bello
- Criteria for prosecuting the war
- What tactics
- Who can we target
Proportionality
Does the response match the level of threat?
Discrimination
A level of care to ensure that the War is limited to proper War targets. Also what do with prisoners of war and injured combatants
Aggression
Conflicts should be defensive and not involve aggression toward other sovereign states.
Non-Combatant Immunity
War should be against “valid” targets and non-combatants and private property was off limits.
ICC
International Criminal Court
Why was 1945 siginificant?
- May 1945, The Germans unconditionally surrendered, ending the war in Europe.
- July 1945, Allied forces occupy Germany and divide the city of Berlin
- August 1945, America dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
- September 1945, the Japanese surrendered, ending WW2; in the process, the U.S. occupies southern Korea, while the Soviet Union occupies the North
- October 1945, The United Nations is formed and the Nazi Party is officially dissolved.
- November 1945, The Nuremberg Trials begin putting Nazis on trial for war crimes.
- December 1945, The World Bank is created (this will be a big issue in the future)-
What did the Allies do to Germany after WWII?
Divided Berlin into 4 parts and occupied it
After 1945 _____million people had previously lived under the control of a colonial power
750
With the creation of the UN and WWII creating a new world, many moved in favor of…
Decolonization
What is decoloization?
The freedom from colonial control with the goal of independence.
After WWII, most of the colonial powers had to…
Give up their colonies – in the Pacific, in Asia, in Africa, in the Middle East – not all, but many found themselves in uncharted territory – especially India and Palestine.
What is Zionism?
A nationalist movement designed to establish a Jewish state based on the premise that Jews would not be safe from persecution without their own state to protect themselves.
When and where was the UN formed?
June 25, 1945 in New York
Communism counter….
Capitalism
Why wasn’t Russia the only siginificant Communist concerned?
B/c in October of 1949 a civil war in China ended with Communist leader Mao Zedong creating the People’s Republic of China led by the Chinese Communist Party.
What was the Domino theory?
If one nation or region fell to Communism, nearby nations or regions would fall as well, like dominoes.
When did China become Communist and under who?
1949; Mao Zedong
What was McCarthyism?
Red Scare. Blaming people for being Communist
Who were the U.S. Global leaders in the Cold War?
Harry S. Truman – 1945-1953
Dwight D. Eisenhower – 1953-1961
John F. Kennedy – 1961-1963
Who were the Soviet Union’s leaders in the Cold War?
Joseph Stalin – 1924-1953
Nikita Khrushchev – 1953-1964
Who were China’s leaders in the Cold War?
Mao Zedong – 1943-1976
Who were Cuba’s leaders in the Cold War?
Fidel Castro - 1959-2011
Why did In God We Trust come about?
In response to perceived atheistic Communism as part of a broader set of identity conflicts involving communism, capitalism, and us vs. them.
When was Under God put in the pledge of allegiance?
1954
When was the original pledge written?
1892
What was the effect of the containment of Communism?
Proxy Wars
Great and small conflicts (Korea, Vietnam, and Afghanistan_
Decolonization in Africa and Middle East
What was the Suex Crisis a blend of?
Nationalism combined with the Cold War, Domino Theory, and general economics.
Who are the nuclear capable countries?
United States, Russia, France, China, the United Kingdom, Pakistan, India, Israel, and North Korea.
When was the Weimar Republic Declareed?
1918
What was Weimar’s government?
Democratic
What was the name gvien to the German government between the end of the Imperial period (1918 ) and beginning og Nazi Germany?
The Weimar Republic
What was the basic government of the Weimar Republic?
A president (seven year term) holding real political power, chancellor. appointing a cabinet, and a parliament/Reichstage
How did the Weimar Republic end?
With the appointment of Hitler as Chancellor
