Final #2 Flashcards
Who helped boil over the tensions fo the Boston Massacre?
Paul Revere
Was the tax on tea repealed?
No
What were the Intolerable Acts designed to do?
Punish Massachusetts
What did the Intolerable Acts actually do?
It reunited the colonists and the conflict seemed to head toward an full scale colonial revolt.
What was part of the Intolerable Acts?
- The Boston Part Act
- The Massachusetts Government Act
- The Administration of Justice Act
- The Quartering Act
What was the Boston Part Act?
The Port of Boston was closed until the colonists paid back the crown and the British East India Company for the tea they destroyed.
What was the Massachusetts Government Act?
The Massachusetts state charter was revoked and it was placed under the control of the British Government.
What was the Administration of Justice Act?
Any royal official accused of a crime could be tried in England vs. the colonies and any witnesses against them would thus have to appear in England (since no one could realistically do that, colonists argued that it allowed royals to get away with everything.
What is the Quartering Act?
Applied to all 13 colonies – British troops could be housed on the Governors order in any building in the colony. It did not say they would be put up in private homes, but this may have been promoted as propaganda.
What was the original idea of the colonial revolt?
They wanted representation and an end to British overreach.
What was one of the biggest factors of the colonial revolt being turned into a revolution?
The increased organization that was happening in the colonies, especially in response to British taxes.
When was Lexington and Concord?
April 19th, 1775
What was one factor in the conflict turning to Revolution?
The publication of Thomas Paine’s Common Sense
When did Paine’s book go into wide publication?
1776
When was the 2nd Continental Congress in the process of vrafting the Declaration of Independence?
July 1776
What was the social contract about?
Liberty, Freedom, and Equality
The War went from a revolt against the British to a…
War of Independence
Who planted the seeds for a future independent American Government?
The Continental Congress and self-governing groups that were developing in every colony
Who was sent as an ambassador to France to help secure support for the independent United States of America.?
Benjamin Franklin
Did the French want to join the war?
No
Where did the British land more troops?
From Canada into New York
Who successfully captured Philadelphia?
Britian
What was Washington’s and the American’s new approach?
The Guerilla Warfare
Who did the French agree to help?
Americans
How did the British over-extend themselves?
Fighting both the Dutch and Spanish
In 1781…
With the help of their new French allies, the Americans cornered northern British commander Cornwallis at Yorktown and forced his surrender.
What year were the peace negotiations in Paris result in?
1783
Did African slaves and a few free blacks fIght on both sides of the conflict?
Yes
What were some key social questions of the the Enlightenment period?
- should they apply to?
Who should rule and why?
How can we organize society to meet peoples needs?
Who should the law apply to and how?
What role, if any, should religion play in society?
Who, how, how much, and under what circumstances should citizens be taxed?
Who decides when and how society goes to war?
Was the American Revolution a global event?
Yes
What changed in the wake of the war and independence?
Americans were now on their own – they were free to negotiate trade and open new markets for their resources and materials – creating a new era of commerce and starting America on the path to becoming a global power.
Where would the American Revolution inspire other revolutions?
In France and Haiti
What happened after the French helped the American in their war?
They went bankrupt, which hastened the outbreak of the French revolution, and led to a revolution in Haiti
Whose revolution was in lines with similar Enlightenment ideas?
The French Monarchy
What was one slogan of France and Haiti that embodied Enlightenment ideas? And when was it first used?
Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité; 1790
What was issued at the start the French revolution?
The Declaration of Man and Citizen
Who composed the Declaration of Man and Citizen?
General Lafayette and Thomas Jefferson
What did the Declaration of Man and Citizen mirror?
Some of the American documents and had most of the same problems of equality and liberty for women, but their issues with slavery would go in a very different direction (see Haitian Revolution).
What was the Great fear in 1789?
It was when France was in great debt after helping in the American Revolution and its continued war with england. They also had ongoing droughts and poor harvests, with depleted grain stores. This resulted in unrest in the French countryside. Their was a rumor that the aristocracy was planning to starve the peasants by keeping grain from them
Who was the king and queen of France in 1789?
King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
When was the French Revolution?
1789-1799
During the First Revolutionary Government several groups were formed which led to the creation of revolutionary tribunals, what was one of those tribunals?
The Committee on Public Safety
Who was part of the Committee on Public Safety?
Maximilien Robespierre
What did Maximilien Robespierre argue for?
The necessity of terror in the course of the revolution which was symbolized by the Guillotine.
In France, what execution did the nobles receive than the rest?
Beheading, rather than hanging or the Catherine Wheel
When was Napoleon Bonaparte alive and who was he?
1769-1821; the Emperor of France
Who was named consul for life?
Napoleon Bonaparte
Following ______, the wars in _______ ceases and _________ __________ turned his focus on the French _________ in the hope of….
1802; Europe; Napoleon Bonaparte; colonies; restoring the French treasury with all the New World wealth
When was Napoleon Bonaparte named emperor?
in 1804
What did the turn of the 19th century bring?
With it some new ideas about education, society, and colonies and along with that came new institutions like universities and museums both of which would contribute to important social ideas like nationalism as well as a seemingly benign idea called neo-classicism, but one that would itself contribute to several unintended consequences associated with ideas of race and ethnicity.
Who did Napoleon Bonaparte conquer, invade, raid, and reestablish?
Conquered: North Africa and Egypt
Invaded: Rome
Raided: The Vatican Museum
Reestablished: The Lourve as a museum
What was Saint Domingue later known as?
The Republic of Haiti
What is colonization?
It essentially involves sending the military, businesses, and settlers to a place where somebody else already lives and effectively taking it over for your own benefit.
What caused global colonization?
Various world powers is the result of supply and demand as most colonies involved the acquisitions of commodities that were desired and/or needed by those world powers, but not available or accessible in their home countries
What did commodities usually involve?
Raw materials of value like gold, silver, or spices, along with a labor force (i.e. slaves) needed to acquire them.
THe island of Hisponiola is divided into:
Haiti and the Dominican Republic
Why did Hispaniola split?
Spain abandoned the western portion and France later established a colony, but the home countries of these colonies, led to some stark differences in their histories.
Who founded Santo Domingo?
Columbus
Why did the native Tainos die?
As a result of the disease the Spanish brought when they tried to get gold?
What happened after the Tainos died>
The colony tried to import slaves and start growing sugar, but the expanse of New Spain and more lucrative operations elsewhere led Santo Domingo to become more of a staging area so it became more administrative than agricultural.
The land that would eventually become Haiti was originally part of _________ territory.
Spanish
What place was fast becoming a pirate haven in the 17th century?
Haiti, especially around Tortuga and later on the mainland
What are Buccaneers?
Beef Jerky Makers
Pirates raided wealthy ships coming out of the…
Caribbean
Why did the Spanish abandon the western portion of the island?
Both the British and the French pirates (with a few Dutch) set up shop along the coast and on the islands.
Why was St; Domnigue the most prosperous colony in the West Indies?
The soil was very rich and sugar, coffee, and caocao plantations could be made.
What was the result of extensive population operations in Haiti?
At times up to 90% of the island’s population were slaves, mjority being of African descent
The rich whites were…
Plantation owners
The poor whites were…
Laborers and artisans
The free people of color were…
bi-racial children of plantation owners and freed slvaes
Following the French revolutions, what did the poor whites do and why?
They rose up and took Port Au Prince in 1791, hoping to establish a democracy and have freedom and equality between rich and poor white men
Who led the revolt in Haiti?
Former slave, Toussaint L’Ouverture
Who was Toussaint L’Ouverture oftern reffered to as?
Black Washington and the Black Napoleon
When did France free all the slaves and why>
1794; b/c they did not want an even more massive revolutions.
Why wasn’t it effective when Toussaint L’Ouverture and his generals took over the island?
B/c it was still a French colony.
Toussaint L’Ouverture did not want sugar plantations. True or False?
False
Toussaint L’Ouverture wanted low wage workers vs. slaves. True or False?
True
Why did Napoleon decide to re-institue slavery in the colony?
B/c in 1799,after his coup, he wanted to re-establish the greatness of France and needed all the money from St. Domingue to do it.
After Toussaint L’Ouverture went to jail, what did his general do?
His general Jean-Jacques Dessalines led the revolt along with a major ally (yellow fever) and defeated the French and declared a new Republic of Haiti
Why did the U.S. not help the new Republic of Haiti?
B/c they were a major slave holding nation under Thomas Jefferson, a slave holder himself, they were afraid that it would anger the French and American slaveholdera and that it would cause a slave revolt in the U.S.
What was the unintended consequence of Napoleon’s loss of Haiti?
He abandoned his new world colonies which led to the Louisiana Purchase; many ahites and free people of color escaped Haitit, moved to Louisians and joined the French speaking population there.
Products of the Enlightenment Revolutions include:
Racism, slavery, sexism, events in Haiti
What is one of the many problems with exploitation and colonialism?
Your colonists don’t want to be colonists any more and want to be on their own.
Between _____-_____ nearly all of the ________ and ________ American viceroyalties would become independent.
1810;1830; Central; South
What is a utopia?
An idealized world, where either all of the problems faced by “modern” people are solved or it’s a place where people who want to live a certain way disengage from “modern” society and live the way they want
When will we see several utopia?
After the Industrial Revolution begins.
What is a similar conept to utopias?
pan-______
What idea resulted from Simón Bolívar’s idea of pan_____?
Nationalism
What governed countries came about from the move away from monarchies, the church, and divine rules?
The U.S., France, Haiti, and several in Latin America
When did Napoleon dissolve the Holy Roman Empire?
1806
The dissolving of the Holy Roman Empire pave the way for these nations:
Greece, Belgium, Germany, Poland, and Austria-Hungry
What is a nation/nation-state?
Typically a self-governed, sovereign territory, bounded by borders and representing a group bonded together by culture, ethnicity, or some other distinctive variable.
What do nations often include?
Constitutions, flags, anthems, borders, and standing armies and navies
What is Nationalism?
The support for and promotion of the interest of that nation - often to the exclusion of other nations.
National identity is particularity difficult because…
It serves multiples purposes, such as creating a category of identity for the nation itself and another identity for its people.
What is the most dangerous idea?
Nationalism and National Identity
Why is Nationalism and National Identity dangerous?
Can lead to internal conflicts between groups w/in the nation and at worst, war and genocides
