Final #1 Flashcards
Thanks to _________ ideals like ________, _________, _________ and similar ideas combined with the questioning and testing ideals from the ___________ and the ___________ _________, several new nations underwent siginificant changes and in some cases revolutions
Enlightenment; equality; freedom; liberty; Reformation; Scientific Revolution
Along with revolution, several other systems and socio-political ideas developed, which lead to…
A number of different government structures that would ultimately shape the modern world
What was one of the first groups to benefit from new Enlightenment ideals?
Pirates
What is Piracy?
The act of forcibly taking something that doesn’t belong to you
How old is piracy? What are some examples?
As old as human society; caravans, convoys, and travelers were attacked and robbed by bandits
History is NOT full of stories about bandits and thieves and the rulers who tried and sometimes succeeded in stopping them. True or False?
False
What did Piracy mean in the early days?
Using ships to attack and rob ships on the water, which resulted in many benefits – treasure, goods, people, and even ships (if you didn’t damage them too much in the process.
What are the pirates tactics similar to?
The Mongols and taking advantage of tactic and technology from others including sailing techniques as well as ideas from the Portguese like adding cannons.
When did the first priates likely set sail?
Shortly after the first commercial vessel.
What are some definitions of Pirates?
Bandits of the sea
What does piracy, as a practice tend to go hand in hand with?
With Empires due to need for both wealth and sea faring –
You need ________ and _______ to have anything good to take.
money; trade
There is evidence in the ancient world that…
Some farmers and laborers, supplemented their income in the off-season by becoming temporary pirates.
What offered an alternative society to the ones the pirates came from whether it was the merchant ships or the empires.
Pirate ships and pirate havens
What impacted the governments and people of the modern world?
Piracy
What were Barbary Pirates also called?
Barbary Corsairs
Who were the Barbary Pirates?
Pirates based in North Africa and worked the Mediterranean
What had North African pirates doing for centuries?
Capturing ships, raiding coastal towns, and enslaving people
When did the Barbary Pirates contend with the Spanish?
When the Christians recaptured Spain from the Muslims
Who was Hayreddin (Khayr al-Din) Barbarossa (Red Beard) (1478-1546)?
A 16th Century corsair, who along with his brother established a pirate kingdom in the Mediterranean and eventually became sultan of Algiers.
He later joined the Ottoman Navy and became an Admiral where he helped to control the sea for the Ottomans.
Who assisted in the creation of the U.S. Navy?
The Barbary Pirates
When was the Golden Age of Piracy?
From the 1650s to the 1720s
Is the term Golden Age accurate?
No, b/c pirates have had numerous “golden age” periods,
Why is this particular Golden Age important?
B/c this one had a heavily European influence
The ____________, ___________, ___________, and __________ Ocean region had massive amounts of ________, ________, and ________ on board ships for transport.
Caribbean; Americas; Africa; Indian; gold; silver; commodities
Who was at war with each other in the early periods?
England, France, Spain, and the Netherlands (Dutch)
What would the countries at war do?
Commission privateers who were often given letters of marque to attack enemy ships during times of war and seize their cargo (with a cut going back to the home country)
What are privateers?
Private citizens with private ships
What were letters of marque?
Official permission
What were unintended consequences of privateers?
Once these wars ended many of these privateers had skills and ships (i.e. war ships) that could still be used for piracy, and could now attack anyone, including the countries they used to support.
Many pirates were…
former privateers, former merchant seament, and naval sailors
Why was life aboard a navy or merchant ship not great?
They had low pay and high danger combined with harsh treatment, heavy work, and an often inflated hierarchy which emphasized class distinctions and gave vastly uneven profits to the officers or company people, many were dissatisfied with their lot.
What did many sailors who had very transferrable skills like gunners, navigators, and helmsmen turned pirate search for?
Gold and more fairness and better conditions or as a way to gain additional freedoms
Who offered some of the same conditions as the Mediterranean, but with higher stakes and better ships and weapons?
The Caribbean and the Americas
What is the Jolly Roger the English nickname for?
the Pirate Flag.
Why were pirates very concerned about hierarchical rule and dominance?
B/c of their experiences aboard navy and merchant ships
Some pirate crews were also open to former slaves, foreigners, indigenous people (rarely) and even women (even more rarely). True or False?
True
Who created organizing systems and rules that would prove to be inspirational?
The pirates
Pirate ships and pirate communities in the 17th and 18th centuries were arguably early adopters of…
Emerging forms of social governance in opposition to the aristocratic and monarchical systems of the time.
What did most ships and confederations utilize?
Codes or articles which outlined conduct and structure for the pirates
What did the Codes include?
Shares and powers for the captain and crew as well as rules and penalties for things like stealing and mistreatment of women.
______________ (battle leaders and peacekeepers) were elected and could be removed by vote or by committee.
Captains
_____________ represented the crew and argued on their behalf.
Quartermasters
_____________ was typically given for injuries sustained in battle.
Compensation
Some revolutionary thinkers use what as inspiration for what?
They used pirate codes as inspiration for later democratic governance
Not long after Barbarossa’s activity in the Mediterranean, who worked the waters off the coast of Ireland?
Another pirate, Grace O’Malley (Gráinne Ní Mháille)
Who was Grace O’Malley?
A clan leader that fought other clans as well as the British.
Brief history of Grace O’Malley
- She grew up during the reign of Henry the 8th,
- Became a clan leader after the death of her husband (a common theme)
- Was so successful and feared that she earned a face-to-face meeting with Queen Elizabeth, who supposedly greatly respected her.
- She is reported to have gone into battle having given birth to one her children the day before.
Who died in 1603
Queen Elizabeth and Grace O’Malley
Who tried to write Grace O’Malley out of History?
The British
