Final #1 Flashcards
Thanks to _________ ideals like ________, _________, _________ and similar ideas combined with the questioning and testing ideals from the ___________ and the ___________ _________, several new nations underwent siginificant changes and in some cases revolutions
Enlightenment; equality; freedom; liberty; Reformation; Scientific Revolution
Along with revolution, several other systems and socio-political ideas developed, which lead to…
A number of different government structures that would ultimately shape the modern world
What was one of the first groups to benefit from new Enlightenment ideals?
Pirates
What is Piracy?
The act of forcibly taking something that doesn’t belong to you
How old is piracy? What are some examples?
As old as human society; caravans, convoys, and travelers were attacked and robbed by bandits
History is NOT full of stories about bandits and thieves and the rulers who tried and sometimes succeeded in stopping them. True or False?
False
What did Piracy mean in the early days?
Using ships to attack and rob ships on the water, which resulted in many benefits – treasure, goods, people, and even ships (if you didn’t damage them too much in the process.
What are the pirates tactics similar to?
The Mongols and taking advantage of tactic and technology from others including sailing techniques as well as ideas from the Portguese like adding cannons.
When did the first priates likely set sail?
Shortly after the first commercial vessel.
What are some definitions of Pirates?
Bandits of the sea
What does piracy, as a practice tend to go hand in hand with?
With Empires due to need for both wealth and sea faring –
You need ________ and _______ to have anything good to take.
money; trade
There is evidence in the ancient world that…
Some farmers and laborers, supplemented their income in the off-season by becoming temporary pirates.
What offered an alternative society to the ones the pirates came from whether it was the merchant ships or the empires.
Pirate ships and pirate havens
What impacted the governments and people of the modern world?
Piracy
What were Barbary Pirates also called?
Barbary Corsairs
Who were the Barbary Pirates?
Pirates based in North Africa and worked the Mediterranean
What had North African pirates doing for centuries?
Capturing ships, raiding coastal towns, and enslaving people
When did the Barbary Pirates contend with the Spanish?
When the Christians recaptured Spain from the Muslims
Who was Hayreddin (Khayr al-Din) Barbarossa (Red Beard) (1478-1546)?
A 16th Century corsair, who along with his brother established a pirate kingdom in the Mediterranean and eventually became sultan of Algiers.
He later joined the Ottoman Navy and became an Admiral where he helped to control the sea for the Ottomans.
Who assisted in the creation of the U.S. Navy?
The Barbary Pirates
When was the Golden Age of Piracy?
From the 1650s to the 1720s
Is the term Golden Age accurate?
No, b/c pirates have had numerous “golden age” periods,
Why is this particular Golden Age important?
B/c this one had a heavily European influence
The ____________, ___________, ___________, and __________ Ocean region had massive amounts of ________, ________, and ________ on board ships for transport.
Caribbean; Americas; Africa; Indian; gold; silver; commodities
Who was at war with each other in the early periods?
England, France, Spain, and the Netherlands (Dutch)
What would the countries at war do?
Commission privateers who were often given letters of marque to attack enemy ships during times of war and seize their cargo (with a cut going back to the home country)
What are privateers?
Private citizens with private ships
What were letters of marque?
Official permission
What were unintended consequences of privateers?
Once these wars ended many of these privateers had skills and ships (i.e. war ships) that could still be used for piracy, and could now attack anyone, including the countries they used to support.
Many pirates were…
former privateers, former merchant seament, and naval sailors
Why was life aboard a navy or merchant ship not great?
They had low pay and high danger combined with harsh treatment, heavy work, and an often inflated hierarchy which emphasized class distinctions and gave vastly uneven profits to the officers or company people, many were dissatisfied with their lot.
What did many sailors who had very transferrable skills like gunners, navigators, and helmsmen turned pirate search for?
Gold and more fairness and better conditions or as a way to gain additional freedoms
Who offered some of the same conditions as the Mediterranean, but with higher stakes and better ships and weapons?
The Caribbean and the Americas
What is the Jolly Roger the English nickname for?
the Pirate Flag.
Why were pirates very concerned about hierarchical rule and dominance?
B/c of their experiences aboard navy and merchant ships
Some pirate crews were also open to former slaves, foreigners, indigenous people (rarely) and even women (even more rarely). True or False?
True
Who created organizing systems and rules that would prove to be inspirational?
The pirates
Pirate ships and pirate communities in the 17th and 18th centuries were arguably early adopters of…
Emerging forms of social governance in opposition to the aristocratic and monarchical systems of the time.
What did most ships and confederations utilize?
Codes or articles which outlined conduct and structure for the pirates
What did the Codes include?
Shares and powers for the captain and crew as well as rules and penalties for things like stealing and mistreatment of women.
______________ (battle leaders and peacekeepers) were elected and could be removed by vote or by committee.
Captains
_____________ represented the crew and argued on their behalf.
Quartermasters
_____________ was typically given for injuries sustained in battle.
Compensation
Some revolutionary thinkers use what as inspiration for what?
They used pirate codes as inspiration for later democratic governance
Not long after Barbarossa’s activity in the Mediterranean, who worked the waters off the coast of Ireland?
Another pirate, Grace O’Malley (Gráinne Ní Mháille)
Who was Grace O’Malley?
A clan leader that fought other clans as well as the British.
Brief history of Grace O’Malley
- She grew up during the reign of Henry the 8th,
- Became a clan leader after the death of her husband (a common theme)
- Was so successful and feared that she earned a face-to-face meeting with Queen Elizabeth, who supposedly greatly respected her.
- She is reported to have gone into battle having given birth to one her children the day before.
Who died in 1603
Queen Elizabeth and Grace O’Malley
Who tried to write Grace O’Malley out of History?
The British
The ________ Ocean and the _________ ________ sea were also major pirate territories.
Indian; South China
Who was the most successful Asian Pirate?
Ching Shih
What are the other names of Ching Shih?
Ching Shih and Zheng Yi Sao both mean “wife of”
How many ships and fighters did Ching Shih have?
Hundreds of ships; 10s of 1000s of fighters
Who did Ching Shih take on?
East India Company, Portugal, and China
Has Piracy stopped?
No
Where do many pirates continue to operate today?
On the coast of Africa near Somalia, in the Red Sea, the South China Sea, The Indian Ocean, and the South Pacific
Throughout the _____ and _____Centuries ______ big and small would occur in places like __________, _________, and ________, but new forms of government and new ideas would take place across the globe.
18th; 19th; revolutions; America; France; Haiti
Who said that the only certainties in life were death and taxes? Both of these also apply to war.
Ben Franklin
What was the Seven Year’s War also known as?
French & Indian War
When did the Seven Year’s War take place?
1756-1763
What was the Seven Year’s War one of the biggest factors?
- Wars cost lives (and if those in power are the ones sending or causing people to die in war it can cause bad feelings and dissent)
- Wars cost money (and that money comes from people who have to pay taxes – whether they want to or not)
The combination of wars costs lives and wars cost money was at the heart of…
The Enlightenment Revolutions
The Enlightenment Revolutions include… and result in….
It inlcudes several continents and results in the creation or re-creation of several countries starting with America.
What was one of the big things that happened with the Enlightenment?
The development of “the public”
Prior to the Enlightenment, who did the social structure revolve around?
The Ruler, the Clergy, and the Aristocracy
These groups, The Ruler, the Clergy, and the Aristocracy, discussed and decided what?
The majority of social, cultural, religious, and political aspects of their societies
Who made up the vast majority of every society and essentially had no say?
The People
Why is it difficult to overthrow the current power and replace it with someone else?
That is very expensive, time consuming, and very hard to plan and coordinate.
Who or what is the “public”
It can be a single collective or a group of different “publics.”
What is the public opinion?
The aggregation of views shared by segments of society on issues of interest or concern.
Where does the public opinion come from?
Socialization
What is socialization
The combination of factors and influences that from our opinions, beliefs, identities, and worldview.
Where do the beliefs from socialization come from?
Family, School and Work, Personal/Demographic Factors.
How do we find out about public opinion?
The Media, polling/surveys, and protests
What are demographics?
Data and information related to segments of society based on a number of variables.
What are examples of demographics?
Race, gender, language, religion, political orientation, economic status, education, and many more.
What is the key to influencing Public Opinion at any time in history?
Persuasion
When did persuasion and public opinion come together?
18th Century post-Enlightenment world
What started to change the balance of power to the point where the Church lost some power (especially where the Catholics and Protestants spilt or power changed hands), and where the increasingly rich and powerful merchants (thanks to the New World and Indian Ocean trade) disrupted the old order of Ruler, Church and Aristocracy.
The rising middle class and the decline in the power of the church brought on by all the socio-political changes from the Reformation and the Enlightenment
What was the result of the change in the balance in power?
New groups of people who could be influenced and in turn exert influence (often economic influence) on others leading to wars and other matters – often over money, goods and resources (also money), and territory (money again)
Why is persuasion and public opinion matter in history?
If we are recording History based on stories people told, if those stories aren’t accurate or even made up, then any History your write is suspect and potentially fraudulent.
Even if your source material is legit, you can still write a history that is manipulated to tell a particular story in a particular way.
Why were the 13 colonies less important to the British than the Caribbean colonies, like Jamaica and Barbados?
Due to the massive wealth they were getting from sugar.
In ______ alone, the wealth from the _______ produced in Barbados was _________ than that of all of the British colonies in North America
1680; sugar; greater
Other countries had vast other resources, such as?
Lumber
Why was lumber in high demand?
B/c the British cut all the Island trees down to make sugar plantations.
Why was sugar wildly popular across Europe?
For chocolate, a sweetener for tea and coffee, and even decoration.
What is a byproduct of sugar?
Molasses
What is molasses used for?
Rum
Europe had been fighting nonstop since…
The Reformation
Who were the colonial powers?
England, The Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain
What had the Colonial powers been fighting over?
Land, sea, colonies, religion and resources
What led to the 7 Years War?
A succession crisis in the Holy Roman Empire
What was the 7 Years War also called?
French and Indian War
Why was the 7 Years War the real first World War?
B/c it included 9 different countries plus their colonies
After the 7 Years War, what did England think?
That they needed to recoup their losses and felt that after spending all their money defending them, the colonies should pay for it.
After the 7 Years War, how much debt was England in?
70-100 Million Pounds in debt (roughly 20 billion Pounds by today’s standards)
What were the British’s three quick cash options?
Taxes, Fees, and Fines
What are taxes?
Payments just for being part of the society or purchasing certain products.
What are fees?
Payments for services or permissions
What are fines?
Payments for violations of laws or statues or failure to pay taxes, fees, or fines.
What were the programs the British implemented to deal with their War debt?
Excise (sales) taxes and the increasing of the numbers of Customs agents and
What are excise (sales) taxes>
They are taxes on the sale of consumables like salt, beer, bricks, candles, and later, paper.
What happened with the Customs agents?
In many cases this contraband was imports from non-British suppliers used to get around taxes and import bans.
In _____, ________ _______, Prime Minister of ______ _____, began trying to take the power back and recoup the debt from the War.
1764; George Greenville; Great Britain
What four acts did George Greenvill pass?
The Sugar Act and the Stamp Act
What was the SUgar Act of 1764 a renewal of?
The Molasses Act of 1733
Under the Sugar Act of 1764, what did the British do?
They enforced the law and went after the smugglers
Why was the New England mad?
They had taxation without representation
What did the Stamp Act do?
It put a tax on paper and certain documents required a stamp (right) that had to be paid for with hard currency
Who did the Stamp Act greatly affect?
Printers and newspapers as well as attorneys and university students.
What happened when people violated the Stamp Act?
They were tried by admiralty courts set up by the British Crown, so the colonists no longer controlled parts of their own justice system.
What was the unintended consequence of the Acts?
The Unifying quality on the colonists
What did they call Colonists?
Americans
What did those who opposed the British called?
Patriots
In the fall of _____, _____ states sent delegates to a Stamp Act Congress in _____ _____ to organize a response to the Stamp Act often citing ideas like “Freedom” and “Liberty” in their speeches and writings.
1765; nine; New York
What are some actions the Sons of Liberty took?
Burning the Stamp-tax collector in effigy in Boston and destroying his new brick warehouse.
When was Greenville dimissed and his acts repealed?
1766
Who implemented the Townshend Acts?
Charles Townshend
When were the Townshend Acts implemented?
1767
What were the Townshend Acts?
Imposed duties (taxes and fees) on colonial imports like paper, paint, glass, and tea.
Other than the Townshend Act, what did Charles Townshend do?
Townshend also used the increased revenue to reward loyal governors and officials (hoping to alter the colonial power base and unity).
He also sent additional British troops to places like Boston to help enforce the new Acts.
In response, to the tax on tea, what did they begin to do?
They began to drink coffee instead of tea.
When was the Boston Massacre?
March 5th, 1770
What is propaganda?
Information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view
