Final 4 Flashcards
What two cycles do glaciers belong to?
Hydrologic, and rock
Two types of glaciers.
Valley and Ice sheets
Where do crevices form?
in the uppermost brittle ice
Zone of Accumulation:
Area where glaciers form.
Zone of Wastage:
Area where there is a net loss due to melting.
Snowline or Equilibrium line:
Flow of the glacier
What is meant by PLUCKING with respect to an alpine glacier?
Lifting of rock blocks
Two types of abrasion from a glacier.
Rock flour and striations.
Two types of glacial drift.
Till and stratified drift.
Four types of moraines produced by glaciers.
Lateral. Medial. End. and Ground.
Kettle:
A hole carved out by a glacier.
Esker:
Ridges of sediment left by a glacier.
How long ago was the ice age?
2-3 million years ago
How much land surface was covered?
30%
Four effects of ice age glaciers.
Migrations of animals and plants. Rebounding upward crust. Worldwide change in sea level. Climate changes.
Cause of deserts.
Water deficiency
Ephemeral Stream:
A stream that usually dry, because it only carries water during rainfall.
What does the most erosional work in the desert?
Water
Products of interior drainage in the basin and range landscape.
Alluvial Fans, Bajadas, Playas, and Playa lake
Two effects of wind erosion.
Blow outs, and desert pavement
What is the effect of deflation?
Lifting of loose material
What is Loess?
Deposits of wind blown silt.
Surface currents in the ocean develop from friction between___
ocean and wind that blows across the surface.
Gyre:
Huge, slow moving currents in the ocean.
5 Main Gyres
North Pacific Gyre, South Pacific gyre, North Atlantic Gyre, South Atlantic Gyre, and the Indian Ocean Gyre
Warm currents transfer heat from low altitudes to ____ Latitudes.
Higher
Deep ocean circulation is a response to density differences in the water. Two factors are?
Temperature - Cold water is dense. Salinity - Density increases with increasing salinity.
Wave height, wave length, and wave period depend on three factors.
Wind Speed, Length of time that wind blows, and Fetch - the distance the wind travels.
How far down in a wave do water particles move in a circular motion?
1/2 a wavelength
Wave erosion is caused by____ and _____.
Wave impact. pressure.
The current in the surf zone that parallels the beach is called___
Long shore current.
Describe groin on the Sea shoreline:
Barrels built at right angles to the beach, that are designed to trap sand.
Beach Nourishment Process:
Adding sand to the beach system
What can cause an Emergent coast?
Uplift of land, and drop in sea level.
What can cause a Submergent Coast?
Land adjacent to sea subsides, and sea level rises.
Spring tide:
During a Full and New Moon.
Neap Tides:
1st and 3rd Quarters
Two types of tidal currents:
Flood Current (Advances into the coastal zone), Ebb Current (Seaward moving water)
Surface of the Earth:
Ocean about 71%. Land about 29%
Northern Hemisphere is the___
Land Hemisphere
Southern Hemisphere is the___
Water Hemisphere
Four main ocean basins.
Pacific, Atlantic, Arctic, and Indian
Bathymetry:
The measurement of ocean depths and topography.
Echo Sounder:
Invented in 1920, and measure depth by reflecting sound.
Depth =
Reflected signal /2 (Times speed of sound in water)
Three other mapping instruments are___
Sidescan Sonar, Multibeam Sonar, and Satellite Altemeter,
Three major topographic units on the ocean floor are___
Continental Margins, Ocean Basin Floor, and Mid-ocean ridge
Passive continental margins:
Found: coastal areas that surround Atlantic. Properties: not associated with plate boundaries. Experience little volcanoes and few earthquakes.
Active Continental Margin:
Found: Pacific Ocean. Properties: descends abruptly into deep-ocean trench. Deep-ocean trenches, Abyssal plains, Seamounts, and Guyots
Mid-Ocean Ridge
Found: All Oceans. Properties: 43,000 miles in length, 23% of earths surface. Longest topographic feature on earths surface.
Two types of seafloor sediments:
Terrigenous, and Biogneous
Four kinds of hydrogenous sediments that crystallize directly from sea water:
Manganese Nodules, Calcium Carbonates, Metal Sulfides, and Evaporites
Where on the sea floor does very little sediment accumulate?
The Pacific
