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Earth Science > Final 2 > Flashcards

Final 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The “All land” proposed by Alfren Wegener was called___

A

Pangaea

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2
Q

Considering continents and the ocean floor, the most common rock in the crust is___

A

Igneous Rock

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3
Q

Where are the majority of earthquakes found?

A

On the Ring of Fire around the pacific ocean

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4
Q

When topsoil forms, it forms on preexisting soil and rock. What are the classifications of the material soil that converts to topsoil?

A

Residual and Transported material

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5
Q

Massive flows of basaltic lava as in the Columbia River basalts are categorized as___

A

Fissure flow terrains

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6
Q

Standard sea-level pressure in inches of Mercury is___

A

29.92

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7
Q

The Mid-Atlantic ridge is a spreading center. How fast is it spreading?

A

2.6 cm / year

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8
Q

The composition of Earth’s inner core is thought to be__

A

Solid Iron-Nickel alloy

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9
Q

The thinnest layer of the earth is the___

A

Crust

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10
Q

The relatively cool, brittle tectonic plates are made up of the crust and the upper brittle mantle. These two units are called the___

A

Lithosphere

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11
Q

The ENTIRE source of energy that powers ALL of the earth’s systems is___

A

Both the sun and heat from Earth’s interior.

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12
Q

This classification of meteorites is thought to be analogous in the composition of Earth’s core___

A

Iron Meteorites

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13
Q

Why is the Curie point important in paleomagnetism?

A

It is the crystallization point that allows iron-bearing minerals to record the magnetic field

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14
Q

Lava that is termed “ropey” in texture goes by the Hawaiian name___

A

Pahoehoe Lava

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15
Q

Clay minerals formed from Gabbro or Diorite bedrock are residual products and they illustrate this kind of weathering___

A

Chemical

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16
Q

What two factors speed up rates of chemical reaction and weathering in rocks and soils?

A

Warm temperatures and very moist

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17
Q

What term describes soil formed by weathering of underlying bedrock?

A

Residual

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18
Q

From the land surface down to the un-weathered bedrock, which of the following is the correct order of the different soil horizons?

A

O, A, E, B, C, Bedrock

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19
Q

Which mass wasting process has the slowest rate of movement?

A

Creep

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20
Q

From the Hydrologic cycle, the release of water vapor to the atmosphere by plants is called___

A

Transpiration

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21
Q

Stream Gradient

A

The drop in elevation of a stream divided by the distance the water travels.

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22
Q

The world’s largest river in terms of discharge is the___

A

Amazon

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23
Q

If you were to examine the profile of a typical river, you would probably find that the gradient is___

A

Steepest near the Head

24
Q

___makes up the suspended loads of most rivers and streams.

A

Silt and clay-sized, detrital grains.

25
Q

At the bend of the river, the main erosion is___

A

on the outside of the bend.

26
Q

A___stream pattern is developed on growing mountains like volcanoes or where the land surface is tectonically doming upward in every direction.

A

Radial

27
Q

The most common drainage pattern is__

A

Dendritic

28
Q

___is an abandoned, cutoff, meander loop.

A

An oxbow lake

29
Q

The single most important erosional agent in nearly every environment is__

A

Running water

30
Q

Permeable rock strata or sediment that transmit groundwater freely are called___

A

Aquifers

31
Q

A___ is the icicle-like speleothem that grows down from the roof of a cavern

A

Stalactite

32
Q

The water table is___

A

an underground mass of partly saturated rock.

33
Q

Pull-apart rift zones are generally associated with a___plate boundary

A

Divergent

34
Q

The temperature below which magnetic material can retain a permanent magnetization is called the___

A

The Curie point

35
Q

Oceanic crust and lithosphere are formed at___

A

Divergent

36
Q

A good example of a present-day, passive continental margin is the___

A

East coast of North America

37
Q

The term___ refers specifically to geologic mountain building.

A

Orogenesis

38
Q

The concept that rocks of the crust and upper mantle are floating in gravitational balance is known as the___

A

Isostasy Concept

39
Q

When an earthquake occurs, energy radiates in all directions from its source. This source point is also referred to as the___

A

Focus

40
Q

___have the highest seismic velocities.

A

Primary waves

41
Q

Approximately how much more energy is released in a 6.5 Richter magnitude earthquake than in one with magnitude 5.5?

A

30 times

42
Q

A well tested view based on observation that is widely accepted and best explains the scientific observations is called a___

A

Theory

43
Q

In a volcano, fire fragments larger than the size of a walnut are called___

A

Blocks

44
Q

A volcanic neck is an injected mass of igneous material that cools and crystallizes. This volcanic neck will cut across other rock layers as it forms. This type of structure is termed___

A

Discordant

45
Q

A granite composition magma is injected between two beds of sedimentary rock parallel to the sedimentary beds. The term for that igneous feature is___

A

Dyke

46
Q

A fault is a fracture in a series of rock layers along which___

A

Appreciable displacement has occured.

47
Q

In a dip-slip fault the hanging wall moves____

A

Up

48
Q

The only force needed to create a NORMAL fault is____

A

a compression force.

49
Q

Who proposed continental drift in 1915?

A

Alfred Wegener

50
Q

When did Pangea start breaking apart?

A

about 200 million years ago.

51
Q

Wegeners evidence.

A

Fit of South America, and Africa.
Fossils matched across the sea.
Rock type and structures match.
Ancient Climate.

52
Q

What is the largest plate?

A

Pacific

53
Q

How much does a plate move in a year?

A

about 2 1/2 cm

54
Q

Tremors that precede an earthquake.

A

Foreshock

55
Q

Tremors after the even are called__

A

Aftershock

56
Q

What type of body wave has a push-pull motion?

A

Primary wave

57
Q

What is the intensity scale based off of?

A

Amount of damage.

Earth Science (4 decks)

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