Final 2 Flashcards
The “All land” proposed by Alfren Wegener was called___
Pangaea
Considering continents and the ocean floor, the most common rock in the crust is___
Igneous Rock
Where are the majority of earthquakes found?
On the Ring of Fire around the pacific ocean
When topsoil forms, it forms on preexisting soil and rock. What are the classifications of the material soil that converts to topsoil?
Residual and Transported material
Massive flows of basaltic lava as in the Columbia River basalts are categorized as___
Fissure flow terrains
Standard sea-level pressure in inches of Mercury is___
29.92
The Mid-Atlantic ridge is a spreading center. How fast is it spreading?
2.6 cm / year
The composition of Earth’s inner core is thought to be__
Solid Iron-Nickel alloy
The thinnest layer of the earth is the___
Crust
The relatively cool, brittle tectonic plates are made up of the crust and the upper brittle mantle. These two units are called the___
Lithosphere
The ENTIRE source of energy that powers ALL of the earth’s systems is___
Both the sun and heat from Earth’s interior.
This classification of meteorites is thought to be analogous in the composition of Earth’s core___
Iron Meteorites
Why is the Curie point important in paleomagnetism?
It is the crystallization point that allows iron-bearing minerals to record the magnetic field
Lava that is termed “ropey” in texture goes by the Hawaiian name___
Pahoehoe Lava
Clay minerals formed from Gabbro or Diorite bedrock are residual products and they illustrate this kind of weathering___
Chemical
What two factors speed up rates of chemical reaction and weathering in rocks and soils?
Warm temperatures and very moist
What term describes soil formed by weathering of underlying bedrock?
Residual
From the land surface down to the un-weathered bedrock, which of the following is the correct order of the different soil horizons?
O, A, E, B, C, Bedrock
Which mass wasting process has the slowest rate of movement?
Creep
From the Hydrologic cycle, the release of water vapor to the atmosphere by plants is called___
Transpiration
Stream Gradient
The drop in elevation of a stream divided by the distance the water travels.
The world’s largest river in terms of discharge is the___
Amazon
If you were to examine the profile of a typical river, you would probably find that the gradient is___
Steepest near the Head
___makes up the suspended loads of most rivers and streams.
Silt and clay-sized, detrital grains.
At the bend of the river, the main erosion is___
on the outside of the bend.
A___stream pattern is developed on growing mountains like volcanoes or where the land surface is tectonically doming upward in every direction.
Radial
The most common drainage pattern is__
Dendritic
___is an abandoned, cutoff, meander loop.
An oxbow lake
The single most important erosional agent in nearly every environment is__
Running water
Permeable rock strata or sediment that transmit groundwater freely are called___
Aquifers
A___ is the icicle-like speleothem that grows down from the roof of a cavern
Stalactite
The water table is___
an underground mass of partly saturated rock.
Pull-apart rift zones are generally associated with a___plate boundary
Divergent
The temperature below which magnetic material can retain a permanent magnetization is called the___
The Curie point
Oceanic crust and lithosphere are formed at___
Divergent
A good example of a present-day, passive continental margin is the___
East coast of North America
The term___ refers specifically to geologic mountain building.
Orogenesis
The concept that rocks of the crust and upper mantle are floating in gravitational balance is known as the___
Isostasy Concept
When an earthquake occurs, energy radiates in all directions from its source. This source point is also referred to as the___
Focus
___have the highest seismic velocities.
Primary waves
Approximately how much more energy is released in a 6.5 Richter magnitude earthquake than in one with magnitude 5.5?
30 times
A well tested view based on observation that is widely accepted and best explains the scientific observations is called a___
Theory
In a volcano, fire fragments larger than the size of a walnut are called___
Blocks
A volcanic neck is an injected mass of igneous material that cools and crystallizes. This volcanic neck will cut across other rock layers as it forms. This type of structure is termed___
Discordant
A granite composition magma is injected between two beds of sedimentary rock parallel to the sedimentary beds. The term for that igneous feature is___
Dyke
A fault is a fracture in a series of rock layers along which___
Appreciable displacement has occured.
In a dip-slip fault the hanging wall moves____
Up
The only force needed to create a NORMAL fault is____
a compression force.
Who proposed continental drift in 1915?
Alfred Wegener
When did Pangea start breaking apart?
about 200 million years ago.
Wegeners evidence.
Fit of South America, and Africa.
Fossils matched across the sea.
Rock type and structures match.
Ancient Climate.
What is the largest plate?
Pacific
How much does a plate move in a year?
about 2 1/2 cm
Tremors that precede an earthquake.
Foreshock
Tremors after the even are called__
Aftershock
What type of body wave has a push-pull motion?
Primary wave
What is the intensity scale based off of?
Amount of damage.
