Final Flashcards
What are the accessory organs?
teeth, tongue, sallivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
What are the GI Tract organs?
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
What is the function of the GI Tract?
contains food from the time it is eaten until it is digested and eliminated from the body.
What is the function of the accessory organs?
aid in the chemical break down of food.
What is the function of the salivary gland?
release their secretion (saliva) into ducts emptying into the oral cavity
Where does chemical digestion occur?
Stomach, at the beginning of protein digestion by the enzyme pepsin
Where does absorption occur?
Small intestines
What is the order that food moves through the small and large intestines
small-duodenum, jejunum, ileum
large- cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum
What role does pepsin play in chemical digestion?
break down of peptide bonds between amino acids and proteins
Where is the liver located?
mostly on the right side of the body
What is the structure of the liver and gallbladder?
Hepatocytes, bile canaliculi, hepatic sinusoids
What is the function of the liver?
secretion of bile, bile salts and phagocytosis of bacteria, carbohydrate,lipid, protein metabolism, processing of drugs and hormones, excretion of bilirubin, storage of vitamins and minerals, activatio of vitamin D
What is the function of the gallbladder?
holds bile until it is needed for digesting fatty foods in the duodenum of the small intestine
Define nutrient
chemical substance in food that body cells use for growth, maintenance, and repair.
What are the 6 main types of nutrients?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, water, minerals and vitamins.
What happens to water soluble vitamins if they are taken in excessive quantities
they are not stored but instead are excreted in the urine
Define catabolism
chemical reactions that break down complex organic compounds into simple ones
Define anabolism
chemical reactions that combine simple substances into more complex molecules
What are the 4 steps of carbohydrate digestion?
glycolysis, acetyl coenzyme A, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain.
What are the product of glycolysis?
2 pyruvic acids
What is the product of the Krebs cycle?
2 ATP, 4 CO2
What is the product of the Electron Transport Chain?
32-34 ATP, 6 O2, 6 H2)
What do proteins have to be broken down into before they can be used for energy production?
Amino acids
Where is the thermostat for the human body located?
Hypothalamus
What is considered a normal body temperature?
98.6 F or 37 C
What are factors affect metabolic rate?
Exercise-increases rate
Hormones- increases rate
Nervous System- increases rate
Body Temperature- higher the temp higher the rate
Ingestion of food- increases rate especially proteins
Age- child rate is higher than elderly
other factors- gender, climate, sleep, malnutrition
Where is most of the bodys fluid found?
inside the cells
What is the located and function of the nephron?
located in the kidney and blood plasma is filtered and filtered fluid is passed
What are the 3 basic functions performed by the nephrons?
Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion
Where are most glucose molecules reabsorbed?
proximal convoluted tubules
What is the function of the kideneys?
help regulate blood volume, help control blood pressure, help control pH
Define glomerulonephritis
inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney
