Anatomy Test 2 Flashcards
Define Canaliculi
small channel or canal where they connect lacunae
Define osteoclast
A large mutlinuclear cell that destorys bone matrix
Define osteoblast
cell formed from an osteogenic cell that participates in bone formation by secreting some organic components and inorganic salts
Define Lacunae
small hollow space such as that found in bones in which the osteocytes lie
Define partial fractures
incomplete break across the bone (ex: crack)
Define Complete Fracture
complete break across the bone (bone is broken into two or more pieces)
Define Compound Fracture
the broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin
Define closed fracture
the fractured bone does not break through the skin
What hormone is responsible for the maintenance of blood calcium levels
parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates calcium exchange between bone and blood
How does exercise and mechanical stress affect bone tissue ?
Help make bones stronger and retain bone mass
Axial Skeleton
cranium, face, hyoid, auditory ossicles, vertebral column, sternum, ribs
Appendicular Skeleton
clavicle, scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, hip or pelvic bone, femur, patella, fibula, tibia, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
Fibrous joints
no synovial cavity, held together by dense irregular connective tissue that is rich in collagen fibers
Cartilaginous joints
no synovial cavity, held together by cartilage
Synovial joints
synovial cavity, united by dense irregular connective tissue of an articular capsule and accessory ligaments
synarthrosis
immovable joint
amphiarthrosis
slightly movable joint
diarthrosis
freely moveable joint
Structure of synovial joints
the basic structure of a synovial joint consists of a synovial cavity between the articulating bones, articular cartilage, a fibrous articular capsule and ligaments
Movements that occur at synovial joints
reduces friction at the joint, enabling the articulating bones to move freely, distributes nutrients.
Define epimysium
entire muscle is wrapped in it
Define perimysium
surrounds bundles of 10 to 100 or more muscle fibers called fascicles
Define endomysium
wraps each individual muscle fiber
Define Z-discs
zig zagging zones of dense protein material
Define I bands
contains the rest of the thin filaments and no thick filaments
Define A bands
extends the entire length of the think filaments
Difference between striated and nonstriated
striated, voluntary shaped like long fibers multinucleated
nonstriated, involuntary shaped like almonds, one nucleus per cell
Define insertion
the attachment of a muscle tendon to a movable bone
Define orgin
The attachment of a muscle tendon to a stationary bone
What are the two main subdivisions of the nervous system?
Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
Define axons
the usually single, long process of a nerve cell that propagates a nerve impulse toward the axon terminals.
Define dendrites
A neuronal process that carries electrical signals, usually graded potentials towards the cell body.
Define synapses
the functional junction between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector, such as muscle or gland, maybe electrical or chemical
Define myelin sheath
multilayered lipid and protein covering, formed by Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes, around axons of many peripheral and central nervous system neurons
What conducts a nerve impulse toward the CNS?
stimulis
What type of neurotransmitter is used in a chemical synaptic transmission
presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuron, neuron effector
How is the spinal cord protected?
meninges: three layers of connective tissue coverings that extend around the spinal cord.
Define dura mater
outter most layer of the meninges, tough dense irregular connective tissue
Define arachnoid mater
middle layer of the meninges, collagen and elastic fibers (resembles spider web)
Define pia mater
innermost layer, transparent layer of collagen and elastic fibers
Outline of the reflexes
sensory receptor sensory neuron integrating center motor neuron effector
Define cerebellum
smaller structure; regulates posture, coordinates activities
Define cerebrum
larger structure; memorizing, read, write, speak, remember past, plan for future, creativity
Define hypothalamus
emotions and behaviors, how much we eat/drink, control body temperature
Define brain stem
continuous with the spinal cord and consists of the medulla, oblongata, pons, and midbrain
Define diencephalon
consist of the thalamus, hypthalamus, and pineal gland
olfactory nerve
smell
optic nerve
vision
oculomotor nerve
movement of upper eyelid and eyeball
trochlear nerve
movement of the eyeball
trigeminal nerve
touch, pain, temperature
abducens nerve
movement of eyelid
facial nerve
taste, muscle sense, facial expressions
vestibulochlear nerve
hearing
glossopharyngeal nerve
swalling, speech
vagus nerve
wondering
accessory nerve
movements of head and shoulders
hypoglossal nerve
movement of tongue during speech
structural features of the ANS
preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron
Define sympathetic divisions
involves the expenditure of energy “fight or flight”
Define parasympathetic divisions
activities that conserve and restore body energy “rest and digest”
What neurotransmitter does the sympathetic division release?
norpinrphrine
What neurotransmitter does the parasympathetic division release?
acetylcholinesterase
Process of contraction of muscles
Calcium is released into the myofibril Calcium attached to tropinin Causes a shift in tropomyosin Exposes bonding sites on actin Myosin cross bridges Attach to actin binding sites & pull
Process of relaxation of the muscles
Tropomyosin is moved back over and covers the actin binding sites the heads release
