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Anatomy > Anatomy Test 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Structural organization of the human body

A 
chemical level
cellular level
tissue level
organ level
system level
organismal level
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2
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

ensures that the body’s internal environment remains constant despite changes inside and outside the body

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3
Q

What happens in a negative feedback system?

A

reverse change in a controlled condition

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4
Q

What happens in a positive feedback system?

A

strengthens a change in a controlled condition

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5
Q

Integumentary system

A

Helps regulate body temp., protects, eliminates waste,makes vitamin D, sensations

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6
Q

Skeletal system

A

supports, protects, muscle attachment, body movements, stores cells, minerals, and lipids.

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7
Q

muscular system

A

body movements, maintains posture, produces heat

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8
Q

Nervous system

A

Helps body react accordingly

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9
Q

Endocrine system

A

chemical regulations

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10
Q

cardiovascular system

A

heart pumps blood through the body, needed nutrients get to cells and waste products are put out

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11
Q

lymphatic system and immunity

A

returns proteins and fluid to blood, carries lipids, protects against disease causing microbes

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12
Q

Respiratory system

A

Oxygen to cells up and going healthy

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13
Q

Digestive system

A

Break down larger food particles

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14
Q

Urinary system

A

regulates the pH of our blood

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15
Q

Reproductive system

A

Gonads produce sperm, release hormones, store gametes, mammary glands produce milk.

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16
Q

Define sign

A

Any objective evidence of disease that can be observed or measured, such as lesion, swelling, fever

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17
Q

Define symptom

A

A subjective change in body function not apparent to an observer, such as pain or nausea, that indicates the presence of a disease or disorder of the body

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18
Q

Define anatomical position

A

head is level, the eyes face forward, the upper limbs are at the sides, the palms face forward, and the feet are flat on the floor

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19
Q

Superior

A

toward the head or upper part of the structure

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20
Q

Inferior

A

away from the head or the lower part of the structure

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21
Q

Anterior

A

nearer to or at the front of the body

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22
Q

Posterior

A

near to or at the back of the body

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23
Q

Medial

A

nearer to the midline (midsagittal plane)

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24
Q

Lateral

A

Farther from the midline ot midsagittal plane

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25
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk

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26
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk

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27
Q

Superficial

A

Toward or on the surface of the body

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28
Q

Deep

A

Away from the surface of the body

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29
Q

Sagittal

A

divides the body into left and right portions (equal)

30
Q

Median

A

divides the body into equal left and right portions

31
Q

Frontal

A

divides the body into anterior and posterior parts (coronal)

32
Q

Transverse

A

divides body into superior and inferior parts

33
Q

Define Chemical Element

A

All forms of matter are made up of a limited number of building blocks

34
Q

Define atom

A

the smallest units of matter that retain the properties and characteristics of the element

35
Q

Define Ion

A

when a atom gives up or gains an electron

36
Q

Define molecule

A

when two or more atoms share electrons

37
Q

Define compound

A

substance containing atoms of two or more different elements

38
Q

Define valence electrons and what role do they play in chemical bonds?

A

The chance that an atom will form a chemical bond with another atom depends on the number of electrons in its outermost shell

39
Q

What role does ATP play in chemical reactions?

A

In chemical reactions, breaking old bonds requires an input of energy and forming new bonds.

40
Q

Glycogen is stored in

A

cells of liver and in skeletal muscles

41
Q

Define pH and how it keeps within the limits of homeostatic

A

A measure of concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution and buffer system

42
Q

Carbohydrate functions

A

sugars and starches

categorized by monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

43
Q

Lipid functions

A

Neutral fats (triglycerides) – stored fat deposits
Phospholipids – form cellular membranes
Steroids – lipid-based hormones, cholesterol, bile salts, & vitamin D

44
Q

Protein functions

A

Function as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies
If a protein encounters a hostile environment in which temperature, pH, or ion concentration is significantly altered, it may unravel and lose its characteristic shape

45
Q

DNA

A

Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine

46
Q

RNA

A

Adenine, Guanine, Uracil, Cytosine

47
Q

The process that water uses to move through the selectively permeable membrane

A

Osmosis

48
Q

What makes up the plasma membrane?

A

Selectively permeable
Lipid barrier consists of two back to back phospholipid layers
Lipid bilayer contains numerous proteins
Membrane proteins function as channels, receptors and cell identity markers

49
Q

What happens to a red blood cell after its place into a hypotonic and hypertonic solution?

A

Hypotonic-swells

Hypertonic-Shrinks

50
Q

Define ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis

51
Q

Define: Rough ER

A

Ribosomes are attached to the outer surface

52
Q

Define Smooth ER

A

fatty acids, steroid, lipid synthesis, detoxification

53
Q

Define golgi complex

A

processing, sorting, packaging, and delivering proteins and lipids to the plasma membrane

54
Q

Define Mitochondria

A

Power house of ATP

55
Q

Define lysosomes

A

digestive enzymes

56
Q

2 major steps of the synthesis of a protein

A

transcription and translation

57
Q

Stages of somatic cell division

A

Interphase, mitosis, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

58
Q

What cells aren’t capable of cell division?

A

Skeletal muscle cells, nerve cells

59
Q

What are the 4 basic types of tissue that makes up the body?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

60
Q

What type of tissue is always avascular

A

epithelial

61
Q

Function of epithelial tissue?

A

Covers body surfaces

62
Q

Function of connective tissue?

A

protects and supports the body, stores energy, provides immunity

63
Q

Differences between the 3 types of muscular tissue?

A

skeletal- attached to bones
cardiac- bulk of the wall of the heart
smooth- walls of hollow internal structures

64
Q

Function of Nervous tissue?

A

convert stimuli into nerve impulses, and conduct nerve impulses.

65
Q

Structure and function of skin?

A

epidermis and dermis

protection

66
Q

function of melanocytes

A

produce pigment

67
Q

function of keratinocytes

A

produce the protein keratin

68
Q

layers of skin outermost to innermost

A

stratum

-corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

69
Q

What layer of skin produces new skin cells

A

stratum basale

70
Q

define metastasis

A

the spread of cancer to surrounding tissues or to other body sites

71
Q

Importance of water int he body

A

excellent solvent (carries nutrients, oxygen, waste throughout body), participates in chemical reactions (breaks down), absorbs and releases heat very slowly (maintain homeostasis), requires large amount of heat to change from a liquid to a gas (sweating), lubricant (organs rub against each other)

72
Q

Name and describe the 4 tissues throughout the body

A

Epithelial- covers body surfaces
Connective- protects, supports, stores energy, provides immunity
Muscular- movement
Nervous- detects changes, transmits nerve impulses maintain homeostasis

Anatomy (5 decks)

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