Anatomy Test 3 Flashcards
Define Somatic Senses
arise from stimulation of sensory receptors in the skin, mucous membranes, muscles, and tendons and joints.
Define Special Senses
smell, taste, sight, hearing, and equilibrium
Define mechanoreceptors
sensory receptor that detects mechanical deformation of the receptor itself or adjacent cells
Define chemoreceptors
sensory receptor that detects the presence of a specific chemical
Define nociceptors
a free (naked) nerve ending that detects painful stimuli
What cranial nerves are involved in the gustatory pathway?
facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and vagus nerve
What is the clear jellylike substance found in the large cavity of the eye behind the lens called?
vitreous chamber
Receptors for hearing are located in the
cochlea (spiral organ)
Define Sensory adaption
change over time in responsiveness of the sensory system
The endocrine system includes
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands.
What two systems work closely together to maintain homeostasis throughout the body?
Endocrine and Nervous
Describe the two general mechanisms of action of hormones
lipid-soluble hormones and water-soluble hormones
Human growth hormone
promote synthesis and secretion of small protein hormones.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland (osteoclasts)
follicle-stimulating hormone and Luteinizing hormone
ovaries and testes
Prolactin
initiates and maintains milk production by the mammary glands
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
controls the production and secretion of glucocorticoids
Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone
brain activity
Oxytocin (posterior)
enhances contraction of smooth muscle cells, stimulates milk ejection
Antidiuretic Hormone (posterior)
decreases urine production
List and describe the functions of blood
Transportation
Regulation
Protection
What is whole blood composed of?
blood plasma, and formed elements
Define thrombosis
clotting in an unbroken blood vessel
Universal donor
O
Universal recipient
AB
Define Hematocrit
percentage of red blood cells in whole blood
Describe the layers of the heart wall and the chambers of the heart
epicardium - outer layer
myocardium - middle layer
endocardium - inner layer
right and left atrium and right and left ventricle
Identify the major blood vessels that enter and exit the heart
superior and inferior vena cava
How does the blood flow through the heart?
superior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, ascending aorta, aortic arch
Define Myocardial infarction
Gross necrosis of myocardial tissue due to interrupted blood supply aka: heart attack
What hormones are involved in how the heart regulates cardiac output
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and thyroid hormones
What are the different types of blood vessels?
arteries, arterioles, capilaries, venules and veins.
How does venous blood return to the heart?
contractions through the heart, skeletal muscle pump and the respiratory pump.
Define blood pressure
the pressure exerted by blood on the walls of a blood vessel.
Define nose
lined with mucous membrane
Define pharynx
throat, passageway for air and food, provides a resonating chamber of speech sounds, and house tonsils, which participate in immunological responses to foreign invaders.
Define larynx
voice box, connects the pharynx with the trachea
Define trachea
windpipe, tubular passageway for air that is located anterior to the esophagus
Define bronchi
branches of the respiratory passageway
Define bronchioles
branch of the tertiary bronchus further dividing into terminal bronchioles
Define lungs
main organs of respiration that lie on either side of the heart in the thoracic cavity
