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Psychology Of Learning > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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0
Q

The expression of learning; record of our past experiences

A

Memory

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1
Q

The process by which changes in behavior arise as the result of experience interacting with the world

A

Learning

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2
Q

Loss of ability to form new memories

A

Anterograde amnesia

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3
Q

Loss of stored memories

A

Retrograde amnesia

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4
Q

Philosophy by which humans are shaped by their inherited nature

A

Nativist

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5
Q

Philosophy by which humans are shaped by their experience (nurture)

A

Empiricist

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6
Q

Characteristics of nativist:

A 
Fixed at birth
Born great (or not)
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7
Q

Characteristics of empiricist:

A

Endless possibilities with the right experiences

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8
Q

Associationism = we learn and remember through systematic rules

A

Aristotle

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9
Q

Association rules:

A

Contiguity
Frequency
Similarity

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10
Q

Experiences near each other in time/space are joined together

A

Contiguity

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11
Q

Experiences often repeated are connected more strongly

A

Frequency

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12
Q

Experiences similar to one another are connected

A

Similarity

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13
Q

William James was a

A

Behaviorist

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14
Q

First one to perform experiment

A

Ebbinghaus

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15
Q

Pavlov used what kind of conditioning to study what?

A

Classical conditioning to study the laws of association

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16
Q

Classical conditioning learning is based on

A

Reflexes

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17
Q

Edward Thorndike studied what

A

Cats in a puzzle box and instrumental conditioning (rewards and punishments)

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18
Q

Law of effect:

A

Behaviors with positive effects are repeated; behaviors with negative effects are not

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19
Q

Tolman was a

A

Cognitivist

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20
Q

Place learning is aka

A

A cognitive map

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21
Q

Place memory is dependent on this brain structure

A

Hippocamus

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22
Q

Response memory is dependent on this brain structure

A

Striatum

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23
Q

Multiple forms of memory develop at different times in training

A

True

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24
Q

Two components of the nervous system

A

CNS

PNS

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25
Q

CNS is composed of

A

Brain and spinal cord

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26
Q

PNS is composed of

A

Cranial and spinal nerves

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27
Q

Brain structure that is the body’s ultimate control and info processing center

A

Cerebral cortex

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28
Q

Cerebellum is responsible for

A

Learned coordination of movement

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29
Q

Hypothalamus is responsible for

A

The emotions of survival

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30
Q

Prefrontal cortex is responsible for

A

Rational/thoughtful side

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31
Q

Hippocampus is responsible for

A

Details of life

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32
Q

Basal ganglia is responsible for

A

Automatic/habitual behaviors

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33
Q

Amygdala is responsible for

A

Emotional memories

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34
Q

Neuroscience is the study of

A

The brain and the rest of the nervous system

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35
Q

The fundamental unit of memory storage

A

Synapse

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36
Q

Neurons do what?

A

Collect info
Process/integrate info
Output info

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37
Q

Cell body

A

Soma

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38
Q

Part of the neuron that collects info

A

Dendrites

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39
Q

Part of neuron that integrates and outputs info

A

Axon

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40
Q

Forms synapses with another neuron and sends neurotransmitters into synapse

A

Terminal bouton

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41
Q

Two kinds of communication neurons use

A

Electrical

Chemical

42
Q

Communication via action potentials within a neuron

A

Electrical

43
Q

Communication via neurotransmitters between neurons

A

Chemical

44
Q

Element that has to enter the cell for action potential

A

Na+

45
Q

Element that leaves the cell during action potential

A

K+

46
Q

Hebb Rule

A

If a synapse repeatedly becomes active at about the same time the postsynaptic neuron fires changes will take place for the synapse to strengthen

47
Q

Commonalities between LTP and memory

A

Experience
Repeated stimulation
Drugs block
Conditions impair (aging, stress)

48
Q

Sequence of events in induction of LTP

A

Transmitter release (glutamate)
Bind to AMPA receptors
Postsynaptic depolarization
Increase in intracellular Ca+

49
Q

Two types of neural plasticity

A

LTP (insertion of AMPAR)

LTD (retraction of AMPAR)

50
Q

Behavioral responses that diminish over time

A

Habituation

51
Q

Increase in the magnitude of behavioral responses to stimuli

A

Sensitization

52
Q

Type of learning through repeated experiences with a set of stimuli makes those stimuli much easier to distinguish

A

Perceptual learning

53
Q

Conditioning based on reflexes

A

Classical conditioning

54
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

Naturally occurring stimulus that leads to reflex

55
Q

Unconditioned response (UR)

A

Involuntary response to a US

56
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

Stimulus that causes a learned reflex

57
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

Reflex response to a CS; same or similar to UR

58
Q

Repeated presentation of the CS in the absence of the US

A

Extinction

59
Q

Extinction does not equal unlearning but instead

A

Learning a new relationship

60
Q

Conditioned compensatory response:

A

A CR that is the opposite of the UR helping to balance/correct for the US-UR reflex

61
Q

Thorndike used what kind of conditioning

A

Operant conditioning

62
Q

S->R->O (operant conditioning)

A

Stimulus response outcome

Positive behaviors increase
Negative behaviors decrease

63
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Organism experiences the outcome (US) regardless if they have learned the conditioned response

64
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Outcome is dependent on the organism performing the response

65
Q

Discriminative stimulus tell us

A

Which contingencies are in effect in operant conditioning

66
Q

Shaping

A

Successive approximations to build a complex response

67
Q

Reinforcer

A

Consequence of behavior that leads to increased likelihood of behavior in the future

68
Q

Primary reinforcers

A

Needs (food, water, sleep)

69
Q

Secondary reinforcer

A

No intrinsic value but predict arrival of primary reinforcer

70
Q

Fixed ratio (stairs)

A

Specific number of responses required

71
Q

Variable ratio (sharp)

A

Number of responses required is different each time

72
Q

Fixed interval (scallops)

A

Specific amount of time must pass before reinforcer is available

73
Q

Variable interval (low)

A

Amount of time before receiving reinforcer is unpredictable

74
Q

Brain structures needed in conditioning

A

Dorsal striatum

Orbitofrontal cortex

75
Q

Chemical that may be responsible for physiological wanting of reinforcement

A

Dopamine

76
Q

Endogenous opioids

A

Endorphins mediate “liking”

77
Q

Treatment for people with addictions:

A

Cognitive therapy
Medication
Behavioral therapy

78
Q

HM symptoms

A

Anterograde amnesia
Couldn’t make new memories
Could make procedural and skill memories

79
Q

Two types on long term memory

A 
Declarative (explicit)
Non declarative (implicit)
80
Q

Two types of declarative memories

A

Episodic

Semantic

81
Q

Episodic memory

A

Specific autobiographical events

82
Q

Semantic memory

A

Memories for facts and general knowledge

83
Q

Proactive interference

A

Old info interferes with new info

84
Q

Retroactive interference

A

New info interferes with old info

85
Q

Sensory cortex

A

First cortical processing center for sense

86
Q

Association cortex

A

Links across senses

87
Q

Consolidation of memories depends on which brain structure

A

Medial temporal lobes (MTL)

88
Q

Transient global amnesia (TGA)

A

Temporary disruption of memory due to blood flow restriction

89
Q

Functional amnesia

A

Lost memory for specific events or identity

90
Q

Working memory

A

Active info maintain in STM to help think what to do next

91
Q

Cognitive control

A

Manipulation of working memory for planning, tasks, attention, inhibition of reflexive behaviors

92
Q

3 components of working memory

A

Phonological loop
Visuospatial sketch pad
Central executive

93
Q

Dorsolateral PFC supports central executive function and ventrolateral PFC supports storage

A

True

94
Q

Left ventrolateral PFC is for

A

Auditory

95
Q

Right ventrolateral PFC is for

A

Visual

96
Q

Emotions have three components

A

Physiological
Overt behavior
Feelings

97
Q

Two factor theory

A

Arousal and context are interpreted by CNS to generate conscious feelings

98
Q

Social learning

A

Observes behavior than chooses actions based on observations

99
Q

Emulation

A

Coming to the same end goal through different actions

100
Q

Contagion

A

Responding to social cues

101
Q

Social transmission of info

A

Observer learns something through experiences involving others

102
Q

Hippocampal lesions produce what kind of amnesia

A

Retrograde

103
Q

Basal forebrain lesions produce what kind of amnesia

A

Anterograde

Psychology Of Learning (12 decks)

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