Final Flashcards
The expression of learning; record of our past experiences
Memory
The process by which changes in behavior arise as the result of experience interacting with the world
Learning
Loss of ability to form new memories
Anterograde amnesia
Loss of stored memories
Retrograde amnesia
Philosophy by which humans are shaped by their inherited nature
Nativist
Philosophy by which humans are shaped by their experience (nurture)
Empiricist
Characteristics of nativist:
Fixed at birth Born great (or not)
Characteristics of empiricist:
Endless possibilities with the right experiences
Associationism = we learn and remember through systematic rules
Aristotle
Association rules:
Contiguity
Frequency
Similarity
Experiences near each other in time/space are joined together
Contiguity
Experiences often repeated are connected more strongly
Frequency
Experiences similar to one another are connected
Similarity
William James was a
Behaviorist
First one to perform experiment
Ebbinghaus
Pavlov used what kind of conditioning to study what?
Classical conditioning to study the laws of association
Classical conditioning learning is based on
Reflexes
Edward Thorndike studied what
Cats in a puzzle box and instrumental conditioning (rewards and punishments)
Law of effect:
Behaviors with positive effects are repeated; behaviors with negative effects are not
Tolman was a
Cognitivist
Place learning is aka
A cognitive map
Place memory is dependent on this brain structure
Hippocamus
Response memory is dependent on this brain structure
Striatum
Multiple forms of memory develop at different times in training
True
Two components of the nervous system
CNS
PNS
CNS is composed of
Brain and spinal cord
PNS is composed of
Cranial and spinal nerves
Brain structure that is the body’s ultimate control and info processing center
Cerebral cortex
Cerebellum is responsible for
Learned coordination of movement
Hypothalamus is responsible for
The emotions of survival
Prefrontal cortex is responsible for
Rational/thoughtful side
Hippocampus is responsible for
Details of life
Basal ganglia is responsible for
Automatic/habitual behaviors
Amygdala is responsible for
Emotional memories
Neuroscience is the study of
The brain and the rest of the nervous system
The fundamental unit of memory storage
Synapse
Neurons do what?
Collect info
Process/integrate info
Output info
Cell body
Soma
Part of the neuron that collects info
Dendrites
Part of neuron that integrates and outputs info
Axon
Forms synapses with another neuron and sends neurotransmitters into synapse
Terminal bouton
Two kinds of communication neurons use
Electrical
Chemical
Communication via action potentials within a neuron
Electrical
Communication via neurotransmitters between neurons
Chemical
Element that has to enter the cell for action potential
Na+
Element that leaves the cell during action potential
K+
Hebb Rule
If a synapse repeatedly becomes active at about the same time the postsynaptic neuron fires changes will take place for the synapse to strengthen
Commonalities between LTP and memory
Experience
Repeated stimulation
Drugs block
Conditions impair (aging, stress)
Sequence of events in induction of LTP
Transmitter release (glutamate)
Bind to AMPA receptors
Postsynaptic depolarization
Increase in intracellular Ca+
Two types of neural plasticity
LTP (insertion of AMPAR)
LTD (retraction of AMPAR)
Behavioral responses that diminish over time
Habituation
Increase in the magnitude of behavioral responses to stimuli
Sensitization
Type of learning through repeated experiences with a set of stimuli makes those stimuli much easier to distinguish
Perceptual learning
Conditioning based on reflexes
Classical conditioning
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
Naturally occurring stimulus that leads to reflex
Unconditioned response (UR)
Involuntary response to a US
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Stimulus that causes a learned reflex
Conditioned response (CR)
Reflex response to a CS; same or similar to UR
Repeated presentation of the CS in the absence of the US
Extinction
Extinction does not equal unlearning but instead
Learning a new relationship
Conditioned compensatory response:
A CR that is the opposite of the UR helping to balance/correct for the US-UR reflex
Thorndike used what kind of conditioning
Operant conditioning
S->R->O (operant conditioning)
Stimulus response outcome
Positive behaviors increase
Negative behaviors decrease
Classical conditioning
Organism experiences the outcome (US) regardless if they have learned the conditioned response
Operant conditioning
Outcome is dependent on the organism performing the response
Discriminative stimulus tell us
Which contingencies are in effect in operant conditioning
Shaping
Successive approximations to build a complex response
Reinforcer
Consequence of behavior that leads to increased likelihood of behavior in the future
Primary reinforcers
Needs (food, water, sleep)
Secondary reinforcer
No intrinsic value but predict arrival of primary reinforcer
Fixed ratio (stairs)
Specific number of responses required
Variable ratio (sharp)
Number of responses required is different each time
Fixed interval (scallops)
Specific amount of time must pass before reinforcer is available
Variable interval (low)
Amount of time before receiving reinforcer is unpredictable
Brain structures needed in conditioning
Dorsal striatum
Orbitofrontal cortex
Chemical that may be responsible for physiological wanting of reinforcement
Dopamine
Endogenous opioids
Endorphins mediate “liking”
Treatment for people with addictions:
Cognitive therapy
Medication
Behavioral therapy
HM symptoms
Anterograde amnesia
Couldn’t make new memories
Could make procedural and skill memories
Two types on long term memory
Declarative (explicit) Non declarative (implicit)
Two types of declarative memories
Episodic
Semantic
Episodic memory
Specific autobiographical events
Semantic memory
Memories for facts and general knowledge
Proactive interference
Old info interferes with new info
Retroactive interference
New info interferes with old info
Sensory cortex
First cortical processing center for sense
Association cortex
Links across senses
Consolidation of memories depends on which brain structure
Medial temporal lobes (MTL)
Transient global amnesia (TGA)
Temporary disruption of memory due to blood flow restriction
Functional amnesia
Lost memory for specific events or identity
Working memory
Active info maintain in STM to help think what to do next
Cognitive control
Manipulation of working memory for planning, tasks, attention, inhibition of reflexive behaviors
3 components of working memory
Phonological loop
Visuospatial sketch pad
Central executive
Dorsolateral PFC supports central executive function and ventrolateral PFC supports storage
True
Left ventrolateral PFC is for
Auditory
Right ventrolateral PFC is for
Visual
Emotions have three components
Physiological
Overt behavior
Feelings
Two factor theory
Arousal and context are interpreted by CNS to generate conscious feelings
Social learning
Observes behavior than chooses actions based on observations
Emulation
Coming to the same end goal through different actions
Contagion
Responding to social cues
Social transmission of info
Observer learns something through experiences involving others
Hippocampal lesions produce what kind of amnesia
Retrograde
Basal forebrain lesions produce what kind of amnesia
Anterograde
