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Criminal Justice 3600 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Garbage In, Garbage Out

A

G.I.G.O.

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2
Q

The process of gathering and analyzing data in a systematic and controlled way using procedures that are generally accepted by others in the discipline.

A

Science

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3
Q

Procedures used to gather and analyze scientific data.

A

Methods

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4
Q

Repetition of a particular study that is conducted for purposes of determining whether the original study’s results hold when new samples or measures are employed.

A

Replication

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5
Q

A set of proposed and testable explanations about reality that are bound together by logic and evidence.

A

Theory

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6
Q

A single proposition deduced from a theory, that must hold true in order for the theory itself to be considered valid.

A

Hypothesis

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7
Q

Subset pulled from a population with the goal of ultimately using the people, objects, or places in the sample as a way to generalize to the population.

A

Sample

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8
Q

The universe of people, objects, or locations that researchers wish to study. Usually large.

A

Populations

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9
Q

Sampling technique in which all people, objects, or areas in a population have an equal and known chance of being selected into the sample.

A

Probability Sampling

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10
Q

Studies intended to assess the results of programs or interventions for purposes of discovering whether those programs or interventions appear to be effective.

A

Evaluation Research

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11
Q

Studies that address issues that have not been examined much or at all in prior research and that therefore may lack firm theoretical and empirical grounding.

A

Exploratory Research

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12
Q

Studies done solely for the purpose of describing a particular phenomenon as it occurs in a sample.

A

Descriptive Research

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13
Q

A characteristic that describes people, objects, or places and takes multiple values in a sample or population

A

Variable

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14
Q

The object or target of a research study.

A

Unit of Analysis

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15
Q

The phenomenon that a researcher wishes to study, explain, or predict.

A

Dependent Variable

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16
Q

A factor or characteristic that is used to try to explain or predict a dependent variable.

A

Independent Variable

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17
Q

Having the qualities of being measurable, observable, or tangible. Empirical phenomena are deductible with senses such as sight, hearing, or touch.

A

Empirical

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18
Q

The error of assuming that a statistical relationship that is present in a group applies uniformly to all individual people or objects within that group.

A

Ecological Fallacy

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19
Q

A variable’s specific type or classification. There are four types nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.

A

Level of Measurement

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20
Q

A classification that places people or objects into different groups according to a particular characteristic that cannot be ranked in terms of quantity.

A

Nominal Variable

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21
Q

A classification that places people or objects into different groups according to a particular characteristic that can be ranked in terms of quantity.

A

Ordinal Variable

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22
Q

A quantitative variable that numerically measures the extent to which a particular characteristics is present or absent and does not have a true zero point.

A

Interval Variable

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23
Q

A quantitative variable that numerically measures the extent to which a particular characteristics is present or absent and has a true zero point.

A

Ratio Variable

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24
Q

Involving one variable

A

Univariable

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25
Q

A raw count of the number of times a particular characteristic appears in a data set.

A

Frequency

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26
Q

A standardized for of a frequency that ranges from 0.00 to 1.00

A

Proportion

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27
Q

A standardized for of a frequency that ranges from 0.00 to 0.00 to 100.00

A

Percentages

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28
Q

Three or more topics/variables

A

Multivariate

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29
Q

A table showing the overlap between two variables.

A

Contingency Table

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30
Q

Analysis involving two variables. Usually one is designated the independent variable and the other the dependent variable.

A

Bivariate

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31
Q

Variables measured repeatedly over time.

A

Longitudinal Variable

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32
Q

Patterns that indicate whether something is increasing, decreasing, or staying the same over time.

A

Trends

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33
Q

x = raw dataf = frequencyfx = total of all values

A

Grouped data.

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34
Q

The most frequent occurring category or value in a set if scores.

A

Mode

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35
Q

The distance between the mean of a data set and any given raw score in that set.

A

Deviation score

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36
Q

The amount of spread or variability among the scores in a distribution.

A

Dispersion

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37
Q

The simplest of three measures of central tendency.

A

Mode

38
Q

A measure of dispersion for variables of any level of measurement that is calculated as the proportion of cases located outside the modal category.

A

Variation ratio

39
Q

The score that cuts a distribution exactly in half such that 50% of the scores are above that value and 50% are below

A

Median

40
Q

p=f/N

A

Variation ratio formula

41
Q

Descriptive statistics that offer information about where the scores in a particular data set tend to cluster.

A

Measures of central tendency

42
Q

Can only be used with continuous data.Is always positive

A

Variance

43
Q

Computed as the square root of the variance, a measure of dispersion that is the mean of the deviation scores.

A

Standard deviation

44
Q

Logical premises that form a set of predictions about the likelihood of certain events or the empirical results that one would expect to see in an infinite set of trails.

A

Probability theory

45
Q

A standardized version of a raw score that offers two pieces of information about the raw score.1-how close it is to the distribution mean and2-whether it is greater than or less than the mean.

A

Z score

46
Q

Also called the 50th percentile

A

Median

47
Q

A trial with exactly two possible outcomes. Also called a dichotomous or binary variable.

A

Binomial

48
Q

A distribution of raw scores from a sample or population that is symmetric, unimodal, and has an area of 1.00. -differ from one another in metrics, means, and standard deviations

A

Normal curve

49
Q

The arithmetic average of a set of data

A

Mean

50
Q

A measure of dispersion for continuous variables that is calculated by subtracting the smallest score from the largest.-simplest measure of dispersion

A

range

51
Q

A numerical result from a sample, such as a mean or frequency. Also called observed outcomes.

A

Empirical outcome

52
Q

The field of statistics in which a descriptive statistic derived from a sample is employed probabilistically to make a generalization or inference about the population from which the sample was drawn.

A

Inferential statistics

53
Q

The likelihood that a certain event will occur.

A

Probability

54
Q

A prediction, grounded in logic, about whether or not a certain event will occur.

A

Theoretical prediction

55
Q

An act that has several different possible outcomes.

A

Trial

56
Q

An empirical distribution made of raw scores from a population

A

Population distribution

57
Q

An empirical distribution made of raw scores from a sample

A

Sample distribution

58
Q

A theoretical distribution made out of an infinite number of sample statistics

A

Sampling distribution

59
Q

The uncertainty introduced into a sample statistic by the fact that any given sample is only one of an infinite number of samples that could have been drawn from that population

A

Sampling error

60
Q

The property of sampling distribution that guarantees that this curve will be normally distributed when infinite samples of large size have been drawn

A

Central limit theorem

61
Q

The standard deviation of the sampling distribution

A

Standard error

62
Q

A sample statistic, such as mean or proportion

A

Point estimate

63
Q

A range of values spanning a point estimate that is calculated so as to have certain probability of containing the population parameter

A

Confidence interval

64
Q

The probability that a confidence interval contains the population parameter. Commonly at 95% or 99%

A

Level of confidence

65
Q

The opposite of the confidence level; that is the probability that a confidence interval does not contain the true population parameter.

A

Alpha level

66
Q

A statistical test in which alpha is split in half and placed into both tails of the z or t distribution.

A

Two-tailed test

67
Q

The process of generalizing from a sample to a population; the use of a sample statistic to estimate a population parameter. Also called hypothesis testing.

A

Inferential analysis

68
Q

In an inferential test, the hypothesis predicting that there is no relationship between the independent and dependent variables. H0

A

Null hypothesis

69
Q

In an inferential test, the hypothesis predicting that there is a relationship between the independent and dependent variables. H1

A

Alternative hypothesis

70
Q

The erroneous rejection of a true null hypothesis

A

Type I error

71
Q

The erroneous retention of a false null hypothesis

A

Type II error

72
Q

Alpha level is the same as

A

Confidence level

73
Q

The hypothesis testing procedure appropriate when the independent and dependent variables are both categorical, bivariate

A

Chi-square test of independence

74
Q

The sampling probability distribution for chi-square tests.

A

X2 distribution

75
Q

Row and column totals in a bivariate contingency table

A

Marginals

76
Q

The condition in which two variables aren’t related to one another; that is, knowing what classpersons or objects fall into on the IV does not help predict which class they will fall into on the DvV

A

Statistical independence

77
Q

The condition in which two variables are related to one another; that is, knowing what classpersons or objects fall into on the IV helps predict which class they will fall into on the DV

A

Statistical dependence

78
Q

In SPSS output, the probability associated with the obtained value of the test statistic. When p < a the null hypothesis is rejected

A

p value

79
Q

Large sample

A

100 or more

80
Q

% of normal curve between -2/+2

A

95%

81
Q

UCR

A

Uniform Crime Report

82
Q

NCVS

A

National Crime Victimization survey

83
Q

Limitation of UCR

A

Dark figure of crime

84
Q

Categorical units

A

Nominal, Ordinal

85
Q

Continuous units

A

Interval, Ratio

86
Q

Regression

A

y=a+b(x) (future=past(present))

87
Q
  • 2 variables only
  • Interval or ratio data only
  • Uses r
  • r tells strength or direction
A

Correlation

88
Q

Gender, handedness, favorite color, and religion are examples

A

Nominal

89
Q

“very dissatisfied,” “somewhat dissatisfied,” “somewhat satisfied,” or “very satisfied.”

A

Ordinal

90
Q

The difference between 30 degrees and 40 degrees represents the same temperature difference as the difference between 80 degrees and 90 degrees.

A

Interval

91
Q

the amount of money you have in your pocket right now

A

Ratio

Criminal Justice 3600 (4 decks)

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