Chapter 7-10 Flashcards
An empirical distribution made of raw scores from a sample
Sample distribution
An empirical distribution made of raw scores from a population
Population distribution
A theoretical distribution made out of an infinite number of sample statistics
Sampling distribution
The uncertainty introduced into a sample statistic by the fact that any given sample is only one of an infinite number of samples that could have been drawn from that population
Sampling error
The property of sampling distribution that guarantees that this curve will be normally distributed when infinite samples of large size have been drawn
Central limit theorem
The standard deviation of the sampling distribution
Standard error
A sample statistic, such as mean or proportion
Point estimate
A range of values spanning a point estimate that is calculated so as to have certain probability of containing the population parameter
Confidence interval
The probability that a confidence interval contains the population parameter. Commonly at 95% or 99%
Level of confidence
The opposite of the confidence level; that is the probability that a confidence interval does not contain the true population parameter.
Alpha level
A statistical test in which alpha is split in half and placed into both tails of the z or t distribution.
Two-tailed test
The process of generalizing from a sample to a population; the use of a sample statistic to estimate a population parameter. Also called hypothesis testing.
Inferential analysis
In an inferential test, the hypothesis predicting that there is no relationship between the independent and dependent variables. H0
Null hypothesis
In an inferential test, the hypothesis predicting that there is a relationship between the independent and dependent variables. H1
Alternative hypothesis
The erroneous rejection of a true null hypothesis
Type I error
The erroneous retention of a false null hypothesis
Type II error
Alpha level is the same as
Confidence level
The hypothesis testing procedure appropriate when the independent and dependent variables are both categorical, bivariate
Chi-square test of independence
The sampling probability distribution for chi-square tests.
X2 distribution
Row and column totals in a bivariate contingency table
Marginals
The condition in which two variables aren’t related to one another; that is, knowing what classpersons or objects fall into on the IV does not help predict which class they will fall into on the DvV
Statistical independence
The condition in which two variables are related to one another; that is, knowing what classpersons or objects fall into on the IV helps predict which class they will fall into on the DV
Statistical dependence
In SPSS output, the probability associated with the obtained value of the test statistic. When p < a the null hypothesis is rejected
p value
