Chapter 1-3

Question 1

Garbage In, Garbage Out

Answer 1

G.I.G.O.

Question 2

The process of gathering and analyzing data in a systematic and controlled way using procedures that are generally accepted by others in the discipline.

Answer 2

Science

Question 3

Procedures used to gather and analyze scientific data.

Answer 3

Methods

Question 4

Repetition of a particular study that is conducted for purposes of determining whether the original study’s results hold when new samples or measures are employed.

Answer 4

Replication

Question 5

A set of proposed and testable explanations about reality that are bound together by logic and evidence.

Answer 5

Theory

Question 6

A single proposition deduced from a theory, that must hold true in order for the theory itself to be considered valid.

Answer 6

Hypothesis

Question 7

Subset pulled from a population with the goal of ultimately using the people, objects, or places in the sample as a way to generalize to the population.

Answer 7

Sample

Question 8

The universe of people, objects, or locations that researchers wish to study. Usually large.

Answer 8

Populations

Question 9

Sampling technique in which all people, objects, or areas in a population have an equal and known chance of being selected into the sample.

Answer 9

Probability Sampling

Question 10

Studies intended to assess the results of programs or interventions for purposes of discovering whether those programs or interventions appear to be effective.

Answer 10

Evaluation Research

Question 11

Studies that address issues that have not been examined much or at all in prior research and that therefore may lack firm theoretical and empirical grounding.

Answer 11

Exploratory Research

Question 12

Studies done solely for the purpose of describing a particular phenomenon as it occurs in a sample.

Answer 12

Descriptive Research

Question 13

A characteristic that describes people, objects, or places and takes multiple values in a sample or population

Answer 13

Variable

Question 14

The object or target of a research study.

Answer 14

Unit of Analysis

Question 15

The phenomenon that a researcher wishes to study, explain, or predict.

Answer 15

Dependent Variable

Question 16

A factor or characteristic that is used to try to explain or predict a dependent variable.

Answer 16

Independent Variable

Question 17

Having the qualities of being measurable, observable, or tangible. Empirical phenomena are deductible with senses such as sight, hearing, or touch.

Answer 17

Empirical

Question 18

The error of assuming that a statistical relationship that is present in a group applies uniformly to all individual people or objects within that group.

Answer 18

Ecological Fallacy

Question 19

A variable’s specific type or classification. There are four types nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.

Answer 19

Level of Measurement

Question 20

A classification that places people or objects into different groups according to a particular characteristic that cannot be ranked in terms of quantity.

Answer 20

Nominal Variable

Question 21

A classification that places people or objects into different groups according to a particular characteristic that can be ranked in terms of quantity.

Answer 21

Ordinal Variable

Question 22

A quantitative variable that numerically measures the extent to which a particular characteristics is present or absent and does not have a true zero point.

Answer 22

Interval Variable

Question 23

A quantitative variable that numerically measures the extent to which a particular characteristics is present or absent and has a true zero point.

Answer 23

Ratio Variable

Question 24

Involving one variable

Answer 24

Univariable

Question 25

A raw count of the number of times a particular characteristic appears in a data set.

Answer 25

Frequency

Question 26

A standardized for of a frequency that ranges from 0.00 to 1.00

Answer 26

Proportion

Question 27

A standardized for of a frequency that ranges from 0.00 to 0.00 to 100.00

Answer 27

Percentages

Question 28

Three or more topics/variables

Answer 28

Multivariate

Question 29

A table showing the overlap between two variables.

Answer 29

Contingency Table

Question 30

Analysis involving two variables. Usually one is designated the independent variable and the other the dependent variable.

Answer 30

Bivariate

Question 31

Variables measured repeatedly over time.

Answer 31

Longitudinal Variable

Question 32

Patterns that indicate whether something is increasing, decreasing, or staying the same over time.

Answer 32

Trends

Question 33

x =  raw data
f = frequency
fx = total of all values

Answer 33

Grouped data.