Final Flashcards
What does denaturation do to the protein?
Changes the shape of the protein and decreases the solubility of the protein.
When cooked or agitated, proteins undergo physical changes called _____ and coagulation
Denaturation
Monosaccharides v. Disaccharide v. Polysaccharide
Monosaccharide- simplest carbohydrate molecules, also called simple sugar, abundant in plants and animals, ex. Glucose and fructose
Disaccharide- 2 simple sugars as a the result of a condensation reaction ( the cyclic forms of two simple sugars can be linked by a means of condensation reaction), ex. Sucrose or table sugar
Polysaccharide- polymers produced by the linkage of many monosaccharide monomers, ex. Starches consist of glucose monomers
Monosaccharides
Monosaccharide- simplest carbohydrate molecules, also called simple sugar, abundant in plants and animals, ex. Glucose and fructose
Disaccharide
Disaccharide- 2 simple sugars as a the result of a condensation reaction ( the cyclic forms of two simple sugars can be linked by a means of condensation reaction), ex. Sucrose or table suga
Polysaccharide
Polysaccharide- polymers produced by the linkage of many monosaccharide monomers, ex. Starches consist of glucose monomers
What functional group has a carbon backbone?
Aldehyde functional group
What functional group had a cyclic form?
Ketone functional group
What is a functional group?
Portion of a molecule that is a recognizable group of bound atoms
What does the functional group to the molecule?
Chemical properties
A student is preparing to run in a school track competition. For the quickest source of energy, the student should eat a high percentage of A. Carbohydrates B. Fat C. Proteins D. Sodium
A. Carbohydrates
Which of the following are the blocks of catalase? A. Monosaccharides B. Nucleic acids C. Vitamins D. Amino acids
D. Amino acids
Which of the following is a lipid? A. Cholesterol B. Cellulose C. Glucose D. Protein
A. Cholesterol
The structure if which molecule contains a glycerol backbone? A. Protein B. Carbohydrate C. Nucleus Acid D. Lipid
D. Lipid
Which organic compound undergoes partial chemical digestion in the human mouth? A carbohydrates B fats C proteins D amino acids
A carbohydrates
NH2 is an
Amino group
Starch and glycogen are examples of a group of compounds classified as A peptides B polypeptides C disaccharide D polysaccharide
D polysaccharide
Starch molecules are hydrolyzed into smaller units known as A peptides B polypeptides C disaccharides D polysaccharides
D polysaccharides
In humans, the chemical digestion of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates is completed in the A stomach B pancreas C small intestine D large intestine
C small intestine
Which of the following is the correct combination if processes that procedures and uses ATP? A condensation & hydrolysis B catabolism & anabolism C metabolism & anabolism D synthesis & hydrolysis
B catabolism & anabolism
What is the main reason free radicals cause cellular damage? A strip electrons from molecules B alter the cell membrane C change the function of molecules D result if pollution
A strip electrons from molecules
Which of the following categories of organic molecules is correctly paired with one of its functions?
A. Nucleus acids- digest dead cells
B lipids - give quick energy to cells
C carbohydrates - store genetic information
D proteins - provide structure in skin, hair and nails
D proteins - provide structure in skin, hair and nails
There are many different enzymes located in the cytoplasm of a single cell. How is a specific enzyme able to catalyze a specific reaction?
A different enzymes are synthesized in specific areas of cytoplasm
B most enzymes can catalyze many different reaction
C an enzyme binds to a specific substrate for the reaction catalyze
D enzymes are transported to a specific substrates by ribosomes
C an enzyme binds to a specific substrate for the reaction catalyze
In the human body, fibrinogen is necessary for dealing cuts and stopping the loss of blood. Since fibrinogen is made of chains of amino acids , it is an example of which type of organic molecule? A carbohydrate B protein C fatty acid D nucleic acid
B protein
Which of the following best describes the composition of a nucleotide?
A A pair of six carbon rings attached to each other
B A carbon Atom joined to hydrogen and three functional groups
C chain of carbon atoms with a carboxylate group bounded to one end
D a five carbon sugar attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base
D a five carbon sugar attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base
Which if the following is the main reason that humans need to include carbohydrates in their diet?
Carbohydrates are broken down in cells for energy
What is one way that fatty acids are used in the body?
A for storing energy
When is Earth Day?
- April 22
- started in 1970
rachel carson
- marine biologist and conservationist
- her book “silent spring” (About harmful effects of pesticides on the environment ) and other pieces started global environment movement
properties of acids
- tastes sour
- corrosive
- turns blue litmus paper red
- reacts with metals to form H2 gas
- Aqueous solutions are electrolytes
- reacts with bases to from H2O and salt
properties of bases
- bitter taste
- slippery
- turns red litmus paper blue
- Aqueous solutions of bases are electrolytes
- reacts with acids to from H20 and salt
litmus vs PH paper
Litmus paper determines whether the substance is an acid or a base while PH paper informs you what the PH level of the substance
what are two examples of functional groups
aldehyde and ketone
the purpose of photosynthesis
using carbon dioxide, water and sunlight to make glucose and oxygen
photosynthesis
light capturing system that converts light energy to chemical energy within a chloroplast
peptide bond
amide bond between carboxyl group of one amino acid and the nitrogen in the amino group of the next amino acid in the peptide chain
kinetic energy
passing energy
what is the neutralization reaction formula
acid + base -> salt + water
what is a catalyst
a substance that speeds up a reaction but is not entirely used up
what is le chatlier’s principle
stress applied to a system in equilibrium, system changes in a way that relieves that stress
What does EPA stands for
Environmental Prtotection agency
love canal
toxic waste that was secretly hidden under the school and then years later it started to affect the population around it
carbohydrates
monomers and polymers of aldehydes and ketones with hydoxyl groups and made with C, O, H
protein
a peptide with about one hundred amino acids
- ex. skin hair and muscles
Amino Acid sequence is determined by DNA in the process of ____
protein synthesis
amino acid group chain
amino acids + peptide bond= peptide
100+ amino acids = protein (polypeptide)
where is glycogen stored?
animal starch stored in liver and muscles
What are the three carbohydrates?
glycogen, cellulose, and starches
what is the chemical structure of protein
amino acid group. carboxyl group and joined with carbon atom
hydrolysis
the breaking down or chemical digestion of carbohydrates
lipids
fats, oils and other water insoluble compounds
triesters
natural occurring lipids
what is the structure of lipids
consists of fatty acid molecules (carboxyl group backbone)
nucleic acids
composed of sugar phosphate backbone and base pairs
ex. Uracil, Thymine, Guanine, Adenine , Cytosine
the relative size of atoms v. macromolecules
macromolecule consists of 1,000 atoms
organic v. inorganic compounds
organic compounds are naturally occurring compounds
inorganic compounds are chemically produced compounds
condensation
two macromolecules are joined together to make larger, more complex molecule with the loss of H2O
