Biochemistry Flashcards
What are the simplest carbohydrate molecules called?
Monosaccharides
What are carbohydrates?
Monomers and polymers of aldehydes and ketones that have numerous hydroxyl groups attached
What does a condensation reaction do?
Links the cyclic forms of two simples sugars
What is the result of a condensation reaction?
Dehydration synthesis (removal of water)
What are the polymers produced by the linkage of many monosaccharide monomers?
Polysaccharides
What is the major storage form of glucose in plants?
Starches
What is glycogen?
Animal starch stored in liver and muscles
What is cellulose?
A substance that is indigestible to humans and forms cell walls
Carbohydrates are mainly used a a key source of energy for ____________ and _____________
Cellular respiration; metabolism
What process breaks down carbohydrates?
Hydrolysis (adding water)
What does the body convert energy from food particles into?
Glucose/blood sugar
What is an amino acid?
Any compound that contains an amino group and a carboxyl group in the same molecule
What is a protein?
A peptide with more than 100 amino acids
What process determines the amino acid sequence in DNA?
Protein synthesis
What are the two regular structures in protein chains?
Alpha helixes and beta-plated sheets
Essentially, what does polypeptide mean?
Protein
True or false: There are 22 types of proteins.
False: there are hundreds
What is generally used for energy when carbohydrates and fats are limited?
Proteins
What is denaturation?
A process that proteins have when cooked at high temperatures that cause them to undergo physical changes
What are enzymes?
Proteins that act as biological catalysts
What are the molecules on which an enzyme acts?
Substrates
What is the place where a substrate binds called?
Active site
What is a portion of a molecule that is a recognizable/classified group of bound atoms?
Functional group
What gives the molecule its properties?
Functional group
What are lipids?
Fats, oils, and other water-insoluble compounds
What are natural fats and oils called?
Trriglyceride
What types of substances do lipids dissolve/not dissolve in?
Dissolve in organic solvents, but not in polar substances
What is saponification?
The hydrolysis of oils or fats by boiling with an aqueous solution of an alkali-metal hydroxide
What is saponification used to make?
Soap
What is the spherical double laters that phospholipids spontaneously form?
Lipid bilayer
What are waxes?
Esters of long-chain fatty acids and long-chain alcohols
What does ATP transmit?
Energy
What is metabolism?
The entire set of chemical reactions carried out by an organism
Describe the two phases of metabolism.
Catabolism- unneeded cellular components and the nutrients in food are broken down into similar compounds by chemical reactions
Anabolism- the products and energy from catabolism are used to make new cell parts and compounds
Are free radicals good or bad?
Bad
What do antioxidants do?
Change free radicals to help prevent the negative effects to an extent
