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Biology Lab > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

T/F: Prokaryotes and eukaryotes both have organelles, but the organelles are generally smaller in prokaryotes

A

False

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2
Q

T/F: Plant cells have mitochondria

A

True

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3
Q

T/F: Virtually all organisms require the same elements in the same quantities

A

False

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4
Q

T/F: Chlorophyll is green because it absorbs green light the best

A

False

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5
Q

T/F: Both starch and cellulose are polymers of glucose

A

True

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6
Q

What are the polymers of glucose?

A

Starch, cellulose, and glycogen

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7
Q

T/F: If an atom has 1 unpaired electron then it has 7 electrons in its outer shell

A

True

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8
Q

T/F: According to the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, membrane phospholipids frequently flip-flop from one side of the membrane to the other

A

False

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9
Q

T/F: ATP and NADPH are two molecules that the light reactions supply to the TCA cycle

A

False

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10
Q

What does the TCA cycle yield? (Krebs / Citric Cycle)

A

2 ATP and Pyruvate

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11
Q

T/F: A compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements in a fixed ratio

A

True

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12
Q

T/F: Chemical bonds contain potential energy

A

True

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13
Q

What are examples of polysaccharides?

A

Starch, cellulose, and glycogen

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14
Q

Complex carbohydrates composed of numerous monosaccharides combined through the loss of water molecules

A

Polysaccharides

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15
Q

What occurs in the nucleolus?

A

Ribosomal assembly

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16
Q 
Which of the following organelles is unlikely to show enhanced abundance in pancreatic cells that secrete large amounts of digestive enzymes?
A) Free cytoplasmic ribosomes
B) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
C) Golgi apparatus
D) Transport vesicles
A

Free cytoplasmic ribosomes

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17
Q

At which level of protein structure are interactions between the side (R groups) most important

A

Tertiary

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18
Q

If a DNA sample were composed of 10% thymine, what would be the percentage of guanine?

A

40%

10% Thymine, 10% Adenine, 40% Guanine, 40% Cytosine

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19
Q

Is activated when bounded to GTP, is activated following the receipt of a signal by a receptor protein, can activate other proteins that are in the cell membrane

A

G protein

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20
Q

Dye injected into a plant cell might be able to enter an adjacent cell through

A

plasmodesmata

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21
Q 
Which of the following is present in prokaryotic cells
A) ER
B) Mitochondria 
C) Ribosome
D) Nuclear Membrane
E) Chloroplast
A

ribosome

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22
Q

Hydrolytic enzymes must be segregated and packed to prevent general destruction of cellular components. Which organelle contains these hydrolytic enzymes in animal cells

A

lysosome

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23
Q

What factors affect enzyme activity

A

temperature, pH, substrate concentration

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24
Q 
Which of the following structures is not part of the endomembrane system
A) plasma membrane
B) golgi apparatus
C) nuclear envelope
D) ER
E) chloroplast
A

chloroplast

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25
Q

Organelle that is the primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells

A

mitochondria

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26
Q

Molecule that is most likely to passively diffuse across the plasma membrane

A

carbon dioxide

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27
Q

Cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones

A

catabolism

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28
Q

A chemical reaction that has a positive G is correctly described as

A

endergonic

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29
Q

What does glycolysis yield

A

Pyruvate, NADH, ATP

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30
Q

Where does glycolysis take place in eukaryotic cells

A

cytosol

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31
Q

The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

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32
Q

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event

A

accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

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33
Q

Process in eukaryotic cells that will proceed normally whether oxygen is present or not

A

glycolysis

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34
Q

During aerobic respiration, electrons travel downhill in which sequence

A

Food -> NADH -> electron transport chain -> oxygen

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35
Q

Components of _____________ often mediate the movement of organelles within the cytoplasm

A

cytoskeleton

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36
Q

Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located

A

Mitochondrial inner membrane

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37
Q

Majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages

A

hydrocarbons

38
Q

Phosphofructokinase is an important control enzyme in the regulation of cellular respiration. Describe phosphofructokinase activity

A

It is an allosteric enzyme

39
Q

Which molecule donates electrons to the electron transport chain in respiration?

A

NADH

40
Q

What is the relationship between wavelength of light and the quantity of energy per photon

A

Inversely related

41
Q

The general name for an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein is _________

A

protein phosphatase

42
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle take place

A

Cytoplasm surrounding the chloroplast

43
Q

When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a direct by-product of

A

splitting water molecules

44
Q

Describe the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration

A

photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules whereas respiration releases it

45
Q

Characterized by a cell releasing a signal molecule into the environment, followed by a number of cells in the immediate vicinity responding

A

paracrine signaling

46
Q

Generation of proton gradients across membranes occur during

A

both photosynthesis and respiration

47
Q

How does CO2 enter the leaf

A

through the stroma

48
Q

Chlorophyll molecules are in which part of the chloroplast

A

thylakoid membranes

49
Q

Photorespiration occurs when rubisco reacts RuBP with

A

O2

50
Q

Why are C4 plants able to photosynthesize with no apparent photorespiration?

A

They use PEP carboxylase to initially fix CO2

51
Q

T/F: Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes contain chromatin

A

False

52
Q

T/F: The SRY region on the Y chromosome contains a high degree of homology to the X chromosome

A

False

53
Q

T/F: Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment relates to the inheritance of alleles for a single character

A

False

54
Q

T/F: Modification of chromatin structure does not involve acetylation, methylation or phosphorylation of histones

A

False

55
Q

Lac operon model is based on the pioneering work done by _____________ and is used to illustrate gene regulation in ______________

A

Jacob and Monod: Bacteria

56
Q

The lac operon is an example of an __________ operon that is usually __________

A

inducible: off

57
Q

gene that is expressed in the presence of a substance in the environment (i.e. lac)

A

inducible

58
Q

presence of a substance in the environment turns off the expression of those genes involved in the metabolism of that substance (i.e. tryptophan)

A

repressible

59
Q

The lac operon is responsible for coding for three enzymes involved in

A

the breakdown of lactose

60
Q

Proteins that assist in eukaryotic RNA polymerase II to bind to DNA and begin transcription

A

Transcription factors

61
Q

The “bead on a string” seen in interphase chromatin are

A

nucleosomes

62
Q

Chromatids remain attached to one another at a region known as a ____________ until anaphase

A

centromere

63
Q

Meiosis iI is similar to mitosis in that

A

sister chromatids separate during anaphase

64
Q

DNA that is methylated will typically exhibit

A

lower gene expression

65
Q

Segments of DNA that can move around in the genome of a cell are known as

A

transposons

66
Q

Which enzymes removes the RNA nucleotides from the primer and adds equivalent DNA nucleotides to the 3’ end of Okazaki fragments

A

DNA polymerase I

67
Q

Which enzyme separates the DNA strands during replication

A

helicase

68
Q

Which enzyme covalently connects segments of DNA

A

ligase

69
Q

What determines how long a particular mRNA molecule will persist in a eukaryotic cell

A

nucleotide sequence in the UTR of the 3’ end of the molecule

70
Q

In their paper on DNA structure, whose unpublished data do they acknowledge was used to support their conclusions?

A

Wilkins and Franklin

71
Q

attaches the appropriate, or “cognate,” amino acid onto the corresponding tRNA

A

Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

72
Q

A genetic map of a genome is based on

A

recombination frequency

73
Q

The enzyme which seals the gaps between fragments of DNA during splicing together of DNA pieces in genetic engineering experiments is

A

DNA Ligase

74
Q

joining of two or more subunits to form a quaternary structure, division of the chain into sections, attachment of sugars, lipids or phosphate groups are part of

A

post-translational modification

75
Q

Not a DNA binding motif

A

Lysine clamp

76
Q

cDNA is made from mRNA using the enzyme

A

reverse transcriptase

77
Q

The Sanger method utilizes

A

chain termination with deoxynucleotides

78
Q

Adenine and guanine are __________ (Purine or Pyrimidines)

A

Purine

79
Q

Cytosine, thymine, uracil are ___________ (Purine or Pyrimidines)

A

Pyrimidines

80
Q

is the process of expelling molecules from the cell through fusion of vesicles with the cell membrane

A

Exocytosis

81
Q

____________ inhibitor can bind at a position on the enzyme other than the active site

A

noncompetitive

82
Q

The final electron acceptor in lactic acid fermentation is

A

Pyruvate

83
Q

Following glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, the equivalent of how many of the original six carbons from glucose have been oxidized to carbon dioxide

A

6

84
Q

The porphyrin ring is found in the

A

Heme, chlorophyll

85
Q

The first molecule formed in the Calvin cycle has how many carbon atoms

A

3

86
Q

refers to two genes sharing a common evolutionary history.

A

Homology

87
Q

A newly-synthesized protein is directed to the appropriate cellular location due to the presence of a

A

signal

88
Q

In the first level of DNA packaging, a section of DNA wraps around a histone protein to form a complex called a

A

nucleosome

89
Q

Pigmentation of a Siamese cat is an example of

A

environmental effects

90
Q

involves the pinching off of a vesicle from the cell membrane to bring either particles or liquid into the cell.

A

endocytosis

Biology Lab (5 decks)

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