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Biology Lab > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A heritable feature that varies among individuals, such as flower color

A

character

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2
Q

Variant for a character such as purple or white color for flowers

A

trait

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3
Q

Two alleles for a heritable character segregate (separate from each other) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

A

law of segregation

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4
Q

Organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a chacter

A

homozygous

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5
Q

Has two different alleles for a gene

A

heterozygous

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6
Q

Organism’s appearance or observable traits

A

phenotype

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7
Q

Organism’s genetic makeup

A

genotype

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8
Q

Crossing two heterozygous parents to follow a single chacter (such as flower color)

A

monohybrid cross

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9
Q

Crossing individual heterozygous for two chacters being followed (i.e. YyRr)

A

dihybrid cross

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10
Q

Each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of alleles during gamete formation

A

law of independent assortment

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11
Q

Phenotypes of the heterozygote and the dominant homozygote are indistinguishable

A

complete dominance

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12
Q

Neither allele is completely dominant and the F1 hybrids have a phenotype somewhere between those of the two parental varieties

A

incomplete dominance

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13
Q

Two alleles each affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways

A

codominance

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14
Q

Genes that have multiple phenotypic effects

A

pleiotropy

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15
Q

The phenotypic expression of a gene at one locus alters that of a gene at a second locust

A

epistasis

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16
Q

Ex: A second gene determines whether or not pigment will be deposited in the hair. If lab is homozygous recessive for the second locust (ee) coat will be yellow regardless

A

epistasis

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17
Q

Ex: Alleles that are responsible for the multiple symptoms associated with certain hereditary diseases, such as cystic fibrosis and sickle-cell disease

A

pleiotropy

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18
Q

An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character (the converse of pleiotropy)

A

polygenic inheritance

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19
Q

Ex: Skin pigmentation in humans controlled by at least three separately inherited genes

A

polygenic inheritance

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20
Q

A heritable feature that varies continuously over a range rather than in an either-or fashion

A

quantitative character

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21
Q

Ex: All F1 offspring had red eyes so the mutant white-eye trait must be recessive to the wild-type red-eye trait. Since only expressed in F2 Males, Morgan deduced eye-color gene located on X chromosome

A

Thomas’s Fruit Fly experiement

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22
Q

Genes located on either sex chromosome

A

Sex-Linked genes

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23
Q

The inactive X in each cell of a female condenses into a compact object

A

Barr body

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24
Q

If either of the aberant gametes unites with a normal one at fertilization, the zygote will also have an abnormal number of a particular chromosome

A

aneuploidy

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25
Q

Ex: Down syndrome is an example of trisomy, and Turner’s syndrome

A

aneuploidy

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26
Q

An ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome (Alfred H. Sturtevant)

A

genetic map

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27
Q

The members of a pair of homologous chromosomes do not move apart properly during meiosis I

A

nondisjunction

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28
Q

Sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis II

A

nondisjunction

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29
Q

One gamete receives two of the same type of chromosomes and another gamete receives no copy

A

nondisjunction

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30
Q

Chromosomal fragment is lost. The affected chromosome is then missing certain genes.

A

deletion

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31
Q

A “deleted” fragment may become attached as an extra segment to a sister chromatid

A

duplication

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32
Q

A chromosomal fragment may also reattach to the original chromosome but in the reverse orientation

A

inversion

33
Q

Chromosomal fragment joins a nonhomologous chromosome

A

translocation

34
Q

Change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell

A

transformation

35
Q

Frederick Griffith killed the pathogenic bacteria with heat and then mixed that cell remains with living bacteria of the nonpathogentic strain, which became pathogenic

A

transformation experiement

36
Q

Viruses that infect bacteria

A

phages

37
Q

Hershey and Chase devised an experiment to test which component - protein or DNA - for reprogramming its host cell to produce viruses. Results?

A

phage DNA entered host cell but phage protein did not

38
Q

DNA is a polymer of nucleotides consisting of three components, ________ _______ ________

A

a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group

39
Q

The base composition varies between species and within a species the number of A and T bases are equal and the number of G and C bases are equal

A

Chargaff’s rules

40
Q

Adenine and Thymine form a ________ bond

A

Double

41
Q

Guanine and Cytosine form a _________ bond

A

Triple

42
Q

Purines, nitrogenous bases with two organic rings

A

Adenine and Guanine

43
Q

Pyrimidines, nitrogenous bases with one organic ring

A

Thymine and Cytosine

44
Q

Y-shaped region where the parental strands of DNA are being unwound

A

replication fork

45
Q

Enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks, separating the two parental strands and making them available as template strands

A

helicases

46
Q

Bind to the unpaired DNA strands keeping them from re-pairing

A

single strand binding proteins

47
Q

Helps relieve strain by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands

A

Topoisomerase

48
Q

The initial nucleotide chain that is produced during DNA synthesis (short stretch of RNA)

A

primer

49
Q

Synthesizes RNA chain by the enzyme

A

primase

50
Q

Catalyze the synthesis of new DNA by adding nucleotides to a preexisting chain

A

DNA polymerases

51
Q

DNA poly III synthesize a complementary strand continuously elongating the new DNA in the 5’ -> 3’ direction forming the

A

leading strand

52
Q

DNA pol III works along the other template strand away from the replication fork (since mandatory 5’->3’) forming the

A

lagging strand

53
Q

Segments of lagging strand

A

Okazaki fragments

54
Q

Joins the sugar-phosphate back-bones of all the Okazaki fragments into a continuous DNA strand

A

DNA ligase

55
Q

Multiple repetition of one short nucleotide to protect genes of linear eukaryotic chromosomes form being eroded away

A

telomeres

56
Q

Synthesis of RNA using information in the DNA

A

transcription

57
Q

Synthesis of polypeptide using the information in the mRNA

A

translation

58
Q

mRNA nucleotide triplets written in the 5’->3’ direction are called

A

codons

59
Q

The DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription is known as the

A

promoter

60
Q

Signals the end of the transcription

A

terminator

61
Q

Transcription: After RNA polymerase binds with the promoter, the DNA strands unwind and the polymerase initiates RNA synthesis at the start point

A

Initiation

62
Q

Transcription: The polymerase moves downstream, unwinding the DNA and elongating the RNA transcript

A

Elongation

63
Q

Transcription: The RNA transcript is released and the polymerase detaches from the DNA

A

Termination

64
Q

Several transcription factors, recognizing __________ must bind to DNA before RNA polymerase II can bind in the correct position

A

TATA box

65
Q

At the 3’ end, an enzyme adds 50-250 more adenine nucleotides forming a

A

poly-A tail

66
Q

The noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding regions are called

A

introns

67
Q

Eventually expressed usually by being translated into amino acid sequences

A

exons

68
Q

RNA molecules that function as enzymes

A

ribozymes

69
Q

Transcription occurs in the cytoplasm

A

prokaryotes

70
Q

Transcription occurs in the cell’s nucleus

A

eukaryotes

71
Q

The 5’ end is a modified form of a guanine nucleotide

A

G-cap

72
Q

Translation: Holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain

A

P site

73
Q

Translation: Holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain

A

A site

74
Q

Translation: Discharged tRNA leaves the ribosome from the

A

E site

75
Q

Small scale mutations of one or a few nucleotide pairs, changes in a single nucleoide pair of a gene

A

point mutation

76
Q

Replacement of one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides

A

nucleotide-pair substitution

77
Q

Insertion or deletion of nucleotides may alter the reading frame of the genetic message

A

frameshift mutation

78
Q

Pries the two srands of DNA apart and joins together RNA nucleotides complementary to the DNA template

A

RNA polymerase

79
Q

Made up of an operator, promoter, and structural gene

A

operon

Biology Lab (5 decks)

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