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Pharmacology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Over time, bacteria can mutate to survive an attack by the antibiotic. The production of…. is one way in which bacteria can fend off the effects of antibiotics.

A

beta-lactamase

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2
Q

Antibiotics are classified into broad categories based on their chemical structure. SPAM, QTC

A

The common categories include sulfonamides, penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, quinolones, aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines.

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3
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of antibiotic action

A

interference with bacterial cell wall and protein synthesis, replication of DNA and RNA and antimetabolite action that disrupts critical metabolic reactions inside the bacterial cell.

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4
Q

bacteriostatic broad spectrum of antibacterial that fight against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms with high concentration in kidneys. It messes with the Folic acid pathway…
Drug name begin with Sulfa

A

Sulfonamides which treats UTI’s, PJP and URI’s

may be combined with sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim

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5
Q

Bateria make folic acid out of PABA and this drug is structurally similar to PABA

A

Sulfonamides

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6
Q

Adverse effects of sulfonamides include

A

sulfa allergy, crystalluria, delayed cutaneous reactions.. fever followed by a rash, epidermal necrolysis, photosensitivity and Stevens-Johnson syndrome

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7
Q

The beta-lactam broad group of drugs includes four major subclasses:

A

penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams.

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8
Q

The penicillin can be divided into four subgroups based on their structure and the spectrum of bacteria they are active against; these subgroups are

A

natural penicillins, penicillinase-resistant penicillins, aminopenicillins, and extended-spectrum penicillins.

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9
Q

combinations of penicillin and beta-lactamase inhibitors are available and include

A

ampicillin/sulbactam (Unasyn), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (Augmentin), ticarcillin/clavulanic acid (Timentin), and piperacillin/tazobactam (Zosyn).

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10
Q

Penicillins are indicated for the prevention and treatment of infections caused by gram-positive bacteria. Most natural penicillins (G and V) have little, if any, ability to kill

A

gram-negative bacteria.

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11
Q

Three extended-spectrum penicillins, with a wider spectrum of activity, are currently available:

A

carbenicillin, piperacillin, and ticarcillin.

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12
Q

Both ticarcillin and piperacillin are available in fixed-combination products that include beta-lactamase inhibitors. These 2 drugs are

A

extended-spectrum penicillins

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13
Q

cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, nafcillin and oxacillan are

A

penicillanase resistant drugs

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14
Q

These neutralize stomach acid, promote gastic mucosa defense mechanism using barriers, bicoarbonate and prostaglandins

A

antacids

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15
Q

What are the 4 types of antacids

A

There are 3 salts are magnesium, calcium and aluminum and sodium bicoarbonate

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16
Q

Constipating effect the only recommended with renal deficient patients. Can be used to make combination product w/magnesium

A

aluminum salts (gel/jel)

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17
Q

Aluminum carbonate and Hydroxide salt are

A

aluminum based

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18
Q

Diarrhea effects, dangerous with renal failure patients bc they can excrete which leads to accumulation

A

magnesium salts (MOM)

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19
Q

May cause kidney stones, constipation, longer duration may cause rebound and hyper acidity, marketed as dietary source

A

calcium salts, carbonate (may cause gas and belching) most commonly used

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20
Q

Interferes with other drug absorption like tetracycline and quinolones and chelates increase stomach and urine PH

A

antacids

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21
Q

Decrease absorption of acidic drugs and excretion of basic drugs

A

antacids

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22
Q

H2 antagonist reduce acid secretion by blocking receptors on the parietal cells and they end in “tidines” . Hint FRaNC

A

The Franc’s are…cime, niza, famo and rantidines

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23
Q

Produce impotence, gynecomastia and increase drug levels via P450

A

cimetidine

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24
Q

Proton pump inhibitors end in prazole

A

L’ROPE

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25
Q

Sucralfate maybe used in renal impaired bc it reduce phospate levels but may constipate. Good for stress ulcers

A

cytoprotective

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26
Q

Misoprostol is synthetic prostaglandin used for

A

NSAID ulcers

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27
Q

Simethicone is an

A

anti-gas medication as is activated charcoal

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28
Q

Adsorbents coat the walls of GI tract, bind to and excrete toxins examples are

A

bismuth subsalicylate, kaolin-pectin, charcoal and attapulgite

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29
Q

belladonna alkaloids, atropine, hyoscyamine slow the movement of GI tract these drugs are

A

Anticholenergics

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30
Q

paregoric, opium tinture, codeine, loperamide and diphenoxylate that cause constipation, reduce pain and spasms are

A

opioid antimotity antidiarrheals

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31
Q

L.acidophilus

A

intestinal flora modifiers

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32
Q

diphenoxylate and atropine is a

A

combination antidiarrhea

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33
Q

What kind of laxative is psyllium and methylcelluylose

A

bulk forming

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34
Q

docusate salts and mineral oil

A

emollients

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35
Q

sorbitol, glycerin, lactulose and polyethylene glycol

A

hyperosmotic which add water to feces

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36
Q

Saline puts water into bowels

A

MOM and magnesium citrate/hydroxide

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37
Q

senna and bisacodyl are

A

stimulants

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38
Q

HIV viruses are

A

retroviruses (RNA)

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39
Q

Amantadine and Rimantadine is a narrow spectrum antivirals that inhibit end coding of virus used against

A

Influenza A and Rimantadine has a longer half life

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40
Q

Rimantadine and Amantadine may cause

A

nausea, nervousness, insomnia and anorexia and light headedness

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41
Q

Acyclovir is a synthetic nucleoside analog it fights

A

HSV 1 and 2 and DOC for initial and recurrent treatment

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42
Q

Ganciclovir is a synthetic nucleoside analog it fights

A

cytomegalovirus and retinitis

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43
Q

Neuraminidase Inhibitors (amivir):

A

oseltamivir and zanamivir
should be given within 2 days and fights flu A and B by inhibiting new viral particles from host to reduce duration of illness.

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44
Q

Ribavirin is used for RSV in newborns it is a

A

synthetic analog not to be used in pregnant women

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45
Q

There are 4 stages of HIV infection and they suffer from HHV-8 or

A

Kaposi’s syndrome

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46
Q

HIV are HAART that include at least 3 medications to

A

reduce viral load

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47
Q

Antiretrovirus RTI’s block enzymes that affect new DNA production and they are

A

Nevirapine, tenofovir and zidovudine (bone marrow suppression)

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48
Q

Antiretrovirus PI’s inhibit protease so viruses can’t replicate are

A

indinavir 6-8 glasses of water

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49
Q

Fusion inhibitors inhibit fusion and replication and the medication is

A

enfuviritide

50
Q

Entry inhibitors-CCR5 coreceptor antagonist

A

maraviroc

51
Q

HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitors interfere with DNA

A

raltegravir

52
Q

Antivirals fight

A

flu, HSV, VSV, CMV and Hepatitis ABC

53
Q

methylnatrexone and alvimopan are used to treat constipation due to

A

opiod use and bowel resection therapy

54
Q

Sodium bicarb is contraindicated in patients with

A

HF, high bp or renal problems and may cause metabolic alkalosis

55
Q

Is Penicillin’s static or cidal?

A

bacteriacidal

56
Q

prevent the enzymes from breaking down of beta lactams

A

clavulanic acid, tazobactam and sulbactam

57
Q

aminoglycosides end in

A

amycin or cin. But not all that end this way are aminoglycosides

58
Q

Gentamicin, neomycin, tobramycin, amikacin, kanamycin and streptomycin are. TAKNG

A

aminoglycosides

59
Q

MIC is a measure of

A

potency

60
Q

2 examples of multidrug resistance diseases are

A

MRSA and TB

61
Q

What antibiotics are time dependent killers are combined with aminoglycosides?

A

beta lactams

62
Q

What antibiotic therapy requires therapeutic drug monitoring?

A

aminoglycosides

63
Q

What is the potent bactericidal produced from streptomyces that has poor oral absorption. It prevent protein synthesis and kills mostly gram negative

A

aminoglycosides

64
Q

What aminoglycosides doesn’t have poor absorption in the GI tract?

A

neomycin

65
Q

aminoglycosides cause serious

A

nephro/ototoxicity

66
Q

Quinolones end in

A

floxacin

67
Q

Antacids cause reduced absorption and chelation of quinolones and

A

tetracyclines

68
Q

Quinolones have excellent oral absorption and kill gram

A

negative

69
Q

Bacteriacidal that alter DnA by inhibiting toposomerase thus preventing the uncoiling

A

Quinolones

70
Q

linezolid is an

A

oxazolidinones which treats skin infection VRE’s

71
Q

clindamycin inhibit protein synthesis and is used for

A

bone , GU and intra abdominal infections,

72
Q

flagyl kills

A

anaerobic organisms, intraabdominal and protozoal infection

73
Q

Keep patients well hydrated with the UTI med

A

nitrofurantoin, hepatoxicity

74
Q

The drugs ending PRISTIN are synergy drug combo that take care of

A

VRE and skin infections

75
Q

daptomycin is a

A

lipopeptide

76
Q

Vancomycin is a bacteriacidal that interferes with cell wall synthesis and is the DOC for

A

MRSA may cause oto/nephrotoxicity

77
Q

Mold have branches and these have buds

A

yeast

78
Q

These are systemic antifungals ACFK

A

Amphotercin B, caspofungin, fluconazole and ketoconazole

79
Q

These are topical antifungals CMN

A

clotrimazole, miconazole and nystatin

80
Q

The available third-generation cephalosporins include cefotaxime, cefpodoxime, ceftazidime, ceftibuten, cefdinir, ceftizoxime, and ceftriaxone (hepatic once a day).

A

They are the most potent of the first three generations of cephalosporins in fighting gram-negative bacteria, but they generally have less activity than first- and second-generation drugs against gram-positive organisms.

81
Q

Cefepime (Maxipime) is the prototypical

A

fourth-generation cephalosporin.

82
Q

Cefepime is indicated for the treatment of

A

uncomplicated and complicated UTIs, uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections, and pneumonia.

83
Q

Ceftaroline (Teflaro) is a fifth-generation cephalosporin. It is effective against

A

MRSA.

84
Q

Carbapenems have the broadest antibacterial action of any antibiotics to date; they are bactericidal and inhibit cell wall synthesis. They are often reserved for

A

complicated body cavity and connective tissue infections;

One hazard of carbapenem use is drug-induced seizure activity.

85
Q

Carbapenems end in

A

PENEM

86
Q

Imipenem/cilastatin good for

A

bone, joint,skin, and soft tissue… cilastatin prevent break down of Imipenem

87
Q

Aztreonam (Azactam) is the only

A

monobactam antibiotic; it is a synthetic beta-lactam antibiotic

88
Q

Aztreonam is a bactericidal antibiotic, destroying bacteria by

A

inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis; Aztreonam is indicated for the treatment of moderately severe systemic infections and UTIs.

89
Q

Macrolides are considered bacteriostatic but in high enough concentrations they may be bactericidal to some susceptible bacteria. There are four macrolide antibiotics:

A

azithromycin, clarithromycin, dirithromycin, and erythromycin.

90
Q

Infections inhibited by macrolides include

A

mild to moderate upper and lower respiratory tract infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae, spirochetal infections including syphilis and Lyme disease, various forms of gonorrhea, chlamydia, and mycoplasma infections.

91
Q

Macrolides interfere with

A

protein sythesis by binding to rhibosomes

92
Q

ketolides interfere with rhibosomes the only drug in this class is

A

telithromycin its associated with liver disease. has better acid stability and better antibacterial coverage than the macrolides.

93
Q

Tetracyclines are natural and synthethic that love calcium and interfere with

A

protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes; aapnc

94
Q

Cell cycle–specific drug classes include

A

antimetabolites, mitotic inhibitors, alkaloid topoisomerase II inhibitors, topoisomerase I inhibitors, and antineoplastic enzymes.

95
Q

Several drugs are available that are classified as cytoprotective which mean

A

they help reduce the toxicity of various antineoplastics.

96
Q

The alkylating drugs commonly used in clinical practice in the United States today fall into three categories:

A

the nitrogen mustards; nitrosoureas, and miscellaneous alkylators.

97
Q

folic acid antagonist interfere with the pathway, thus DNA

A

trexates, methotrexate treat psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis

98
Q

purine/pyrimidine antagonist interfere with purine/pyrimidine, thus

A

DNA/RNA

99
Q

antimetabolites kills

A

solid and liquid tumors

100
Q

Mitotic inhibitors/periwinkle/dose limiting/WBC/CTZ

A

vinca and taxanes these drugs work shortly before or during mitosis, treats ball, lung, breast Kaposi and acute leukemia

101
Q

Mitotic can cause

A

seizures and extravasion is treated w/helleronadase

102
Q

Topo II inhibitors/mandrake treat lung and ball they

A

interfere with the untangling of DNA, they end POSIDE

103
Q

Topo I (Campthothecins) interfere with DNA also during S phase

A

end with TECAN, good for ovarian and colorectal/lung

104
Q

S phase cell cycle drugs are

A

antimetabolites and Topo I’s

105
Q

G2 drugs Epip/Mis and

A

Taxanes

106
Q

Taxanes and Vinca’s are

A

Mitosis/G2

107
Q

G1 drugs are

A

Hormonal/Antineoplastics enzymes

108
Q

irinotecan causes

A

diarrhea

109
Q

The alkylating drugs work by preventing cancer cells from reproducing

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

110
Q

the miscellaneous alkylators

A

cisplatin, need hydration to prevent nephrotoxicity

111
Q

3 Nitrosoureas

A

carmusine, cyclophosphamide and mechlorethamine

112
Q

The cytotoxic antibiotics consist of natural substances produced by the mold Streptomyces as well as semisynthetic substances in which chemical changes are made in the natural molecule.

A

They have bone marrow suppression as a common toxicity. The one exception is bleomycin, which instead causes pulmonary toxicity (pulmonary fibrosis and pneumonitis).

113
Q

Anthracyclines include

A

daunorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, and valrubicin.

114
Q

Other cytotoxic antibiotics include

A

bleomycin (which is actually a cell cycle–specific drug), dactinomycin, mitomycin, mitoxantrone, and plicamycin.

115
Q

Cytotoxic antibiotics are used to treat a variety of

A

solid tumors and some hematologic malignancies as well.

116
Q

There are currently two broad classes of cell cycle–nonspecific cancer drugs:

A

alkylating drugs and cytotoxic antibiotics.

117
Q

CCNS antibiotics MOA

A

Intercalation, resulting in blockade DNA synthesis

118
Q

Cardiomyopathy is associated with large amounts of

A

doxorubicin

119
Q

bevoaxizumab an angiogenesis inhibitor works by

A

blocking blood supply to tumor

120
Q

Dexrazoane is cytoprotective and decrease incidence of

A

toxicity

121
Q

hydroxyurea make it harder to make DNA like

A

antimetabolites

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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