Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Over time, bacteria can mutate to survive an attack by the antibiotic. The production of…. is one way in which bacteria can fend off the effects of antibiotics.

A

beta-lactamase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Antibiotics are classified into broad categories based on their chemical structure. SPAM, QTC

A

The common categories include sulfonamides, penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, quinolones, aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of antibiotic action

A

interference with bacterial cell wall and protein synthesis, replication of DNA and RNA and antimetabolite action that disrupts critical metabolic reactions inside the bacterial cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

bacteriostatic broad spectrum of antibacterial that fight against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms with high concentration in kidneys. It messes with the Folic acid pathway…
Drug name begin with Sulfa

A

Sulfonamides which treats UTI’s, PJP and URI’s

may be combined with sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Bateria make folic acid out of PABA and this drug is structurally similar to PABA

A

Sulfonamides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Adverse effects of sulfonamides include

A

sulfa allergy, crystalluria, delayed cutaneous reactions.. fever followed by a rash, epidermal necrolysis, photosensitivity and Stevens-Johnson syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The beta-lactam broad group of drugs includes four major subclasses:

A

penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The penicillin can be divided into four subgroups based on their structure and the spectrum of bacteria they are active against; these subgroups are

A

natural penicillins, penicillinase-resistant penicillins, aminopenicillins, and extended-spectrum penicillins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

combinations of penicillin and beta-lactamase inhibitors are available and include

A

ampicillin/sulbactam (Unasyn), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (Augmentin), ticarcillin/clavulanic acid (Timentin), and piperacillin/tazobactam (Zosyn).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Penicillins are indicated for the prevention and treatment of infections caused by gram-positive bacteria. Most natural penicillins (G and V) have little, if any, ability to kill

A

gram-negative bacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Three extended-spectrum penicillins, with a wider spectrum of activity, are currently available:

A

carbenicillin, piperacillin, and ticarcillin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Both ticarcillin and piperacillin are available in fixed-combination products that include beta-lactamase inhibitors. These 2 drugs are

A

extended-spectrum penicillins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, nafcillin and oxacillan are

A

penicillanase resistant drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

These neutralize stomach acid, promote gastic mucosa defense mechanism using barriers, bicoarbonate and prostaglandins

A

antacids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 4 types of antacids

A

There are 3 salts are magnesium, calcium and aluminum and sodium bicoarbonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Constipating effect the only recommended with renal deficient patients. Can be used to make combination product w/magnesium

A

aluminum salts (gel/jel)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Aluminum carbonate and Hydroxide salt are

A

aluminum based

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Diarrhea effects, dangerous with renal failure patients bc they can excrete which leads to accumulation

A

magnesium salts (MOM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

May cause kidney stones, constipation, longer duration may cause rebound and hyper acidity, marketed as dietary source

A

calcium salts, carbonate (may cause gas and belching) most commonly used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Interferes with other drug absorption like tetracycline and quinolones and chelates increase stomach and urine PH

A

antacids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Decrease absorption of acidic drugs and excretion of basic drugs

A

antacids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

H2 antagonist reduce acid secretion by blocking receptors on the parietal cells and they end in “tidines” . Hint FRaNC

A

The Franc’s are…cime, niza, famo and rantidines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Produce impotence, gynecomastia and increase drug levels via P450

A

cimetidine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Proton pump inhibitors end in prazole

A

L’ROPE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Sucralfate maybe used in renal impaired bc it reduce phospate levels but may constipate. Good for stress ulcers
cytoprotective
26
Misoprostol is synthetic prostaglandin used for
NSAID ulcers
27
Simethicone is an
anti-gas medication as is activated charcoal
28
Adsorbents coat the walls of GI tract, bind to and excrete toxins examples are
bismuth subsalicylate, kaolin-pectin, charcoal and attapulgite
29
belladonna alkaloids, atropine, hyoscyamine slow the movement of GI tract these drugs are
Anticholenergics
30
paregoric, opium tinture, codeine, loperamide and diphenoxylate that cause constipation, reduce pain and spasms are
opioid antimotity antidiarrheals
31
L.acidophilus
intestinal flora modifiers
32
diphenoxylate and atropine is a
combination antidiarrhea
33
What kind of laxative is psyllium and methylcelluylose
bulk forming
34
docusate salts and mineral oil
emollients
35
sorbitol, glycerin, lactulose and polyethylene glycol
hyperosmotic which add water to feces
36
Saline puts water into bowels
MOM and magnesium citrate/hydroxide
37
senna and bisacodyl are
stimulants
38
HIV viruses are
retroviruses (RNA)
39
Amantadine and Rimantadine is a narrow spectrum antivirals that inhibit end coding of virus used against
Influenza A and Rimantadine has a longer half life
40
Rimantadine and Amantadine may cause
nausea, nervousness, insomnia and anorexia and light headedness
41
Acyclovir is a synthetic nucleoside analog it fights
HSV 1 and 2 and DOC for initial and recurrent treatment
42
Ganciclovir is a synthetic nucleoside analog it fights
cytomegalovirus and retinitis
43
Neuraminidase Inhibitors (amivir):
oseltamivir and zanamivir should be given within 2 days and fights flu A and B by inhibiting new viral particles from host to reduce duration of illness.
44
Ribavirin is used for RSV in newborns it is a
synthetic analog not to be used in pregnant women
45
There are 4 stages of HIV infection and they suffer from HHV-8 or
Kaposi's syndrome
46
HIV are HAART that include at least 3 medications to
reduce viral load
47
Antiretrovirus RTI's block enzymes that affect new DNA production and they are
Nevirapine, tenofovir and zidovudine (bone marrow suppression)
48
Antiretrovirus PI's inhibit protease so viruses can't replicate are
indinavir 6-8 glasses of water
49
Fusion inhibitors inhibit fusion and replication and the medication is
enfuviritide
50
Entry inhibitors-CCR5 coreceptor antagonist
maraviroc
51
HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitors interfere with DNA
raltegravir
52
Antivirals fight
flu, HSV, VSV, CMV and Hepatitis ABC
53
methylnatrexone and alvimopan are used to treat constipation due to
opiod use and bowel resection therapy
54
Sodium bicarb is contraindicated in patients with
HF, high bp or renal problems and may cause metabolic alkalosis
55
Is Penicillin's static or cidal?
bacteriacidal
56
prevent the enzymes from breaking down of beta lactams
clavulanic acid, tazobactam and sulbactam
57
aminoglycosides end in
amycin or cin. But not all that end this way are aminoglycosides
58
Gentamicin, neomycin, tobramycin, amikacin, kanamycin and streptomycin are. TAKNG
aminoglycosides
59
MIC is a measure of
potency
60
2 examples of multidrug resistance diseases are
MRSA and TB
61
What antibiotics are time dependent killers are combined with aminoglycosides?
beta lactams
62
What antibiotic therapy requires therapeutic drug monitoring?
aminoglycosides
63
What is the potent bactericidal produced from streptomyces that has poor oral absorption. It prevent protein synthesis and kills mostly gram negative
aminoglycosides
64
What aminoglycosides doesn't have poor absorption in the GI tract?
neomycin
65
aminoglycosides cause serious
nephro/ototoxicity
66
Quinolones end in
floxacin
67
Antacids cause reduced absorption and chelation of quinolones and
tetracyclines
68
Quinolones have excellent oral absorption and kill gram
negative
69
Bacteriacidal that alter DnA by inhibiting toposomerase thus preventing the uncoiling
Quinolones
70
linezolid is an
oxazolidinones which treats skin infection VRE's
71
clindamycin inhibit protein synthesis and is used for
bone , GU and intra abdominal infections,
72
flagyl kills
anaerobic organisms, intraabdominal and protozoal infection
73
Keep patients well hydrated with the UTI med
nitrofurantoin, hepatoxicity
74
The drugs ending PRISTIN are synergy drug combo that take care of
VRE and skin infections
75
daptomycin is a
lipopeptide
76
Vancomycin is a bacteriacidal that interferes with cell wall synthesis and is the DOC for
MRSA may cause oto/nephrotoxicity
77
Mold have branches and these have buds
yeast
78
These are systemic antifungals ACFK
Amphotercin B, caspofungin, fluconazole and ketoconazole
79
These are topical antifungals CMN
clotrimazole, miconazole and nystatin
80
The available third-generation cephalosporins include cefotaxime, cefpodoxime, ceftazidime, ceftibuten, cefdinir, ceftizoxime, and ceftriaxone (hepatic once a day).
They are the most potent of the first three generations of cephalosporins in fighting gram-negative bacteria, but they generally have less activity than first- and second-generation drugs against gram-positive organisms.
81
Cefepime (Maxipime) is the prototypical
fourth-generation cephalosporin.
82
Cefepime is indicated for the treatment of
uncomplicated and complicated UTIs, uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections, and pneumonia.
83
Ceftaroline (Teflaro) is a fifth-generation cephalosporin. It is effective against
MRSA.
84
Carbapenems have the broadest antibacterial action of any antibiotics to date; they are bactericidal and inhibit cell wall synthesis. They are often reserved for
complicated body cavity and connective tissue infections; | One hazard of carbapenem use is drug-induced seizure activity.
85
Carbapenems end in
PENEM
86
Imipenem/cilastatin good for
bone, joint,skin, and soft tissue... cilastatin prevent break down of Imipenem
87
Aztreonam (Azactam) is the only
monobactam antibiotic; it is a synthetic beta-lactam antibiotic
88
Aztreonam is a bactericidal antibiotic, destroying bacteria by
inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis; Aztreonam is indicated for the treatment of moderately severe systemic infections and UTIs.
89
Macrolides are considered bacteriostatic but in high enough concentrations they may be bactericidal to some susceptible bacteria. There are four macrolide antibiotics:
azithromycin, clarithromycin, dirithromycin, and erythromycin.
90
Infections inhibited by macrolides include
mild to moderate upper and lower respiratory tract infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae, spirochetal infections including syphilis and Lyme disease, various forms of gonorrhea, chlamydia, and mycoplasma infections.
91
Macrolides interfere with
protein sythesis by binding to rhibosomes
92
ketolides interfere with rhibosomes the only drug in this class is
telithromycin its associated with liver disease. has better acid stability and better antibacterial coverage than the macrolides.
93
Tetracyclines are natural and synthethic that love calcium and interfere with
protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes; aapnc
94
Cell cycle–specific drug classes include
antimetabolites, mitotic inhibitors, alkaloid topoisomerase II inhibitors, topoisomerase I inhibitors, and antineoplastic enzymes.
95
Several drugs are available that are classified as cytoprotective which mean
they help reduce the toxicity of various antineoplastics.
96
The alkylating drugs commonly used in clinical practice in the United States today fall into three categories:
the nitrogen mustards; nitrosoureas, and miscellaneous alkylators.
97
folic acid antagonist interfere with the pathway, thus DNA
trexates, methotrexate treat psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis
98
purine/pyrimidine antagonist interfere with purine/pyrimidine, thus
DNA/RNA
99
antimetabolites kills
solid and liquid tumors
100
Mitotic inhibitors/periwinkle/dose limiting/WBC/CTZ
vinca and taxanes these drugs work shortly before or during mitosis, treats ball, lung, breast Kaposi and acute leukemia
101
Mitotic can cause
seizures and extravasion is treated w/helleronadase
102
Topo II inhibitors/mandrake treat lung and ball they
interfere with the untangling of DNA, they end POSIDE
103
Topo I (Campthothecins) interfere with DNA also during S phase
end with TECAN, good for ovarian and colorectal/lung
104
S phase cell cycle drugs are
antimetabolites and Topo I's
105
G2 drugs Epip/Mis and
Taxanes
106
Taxanes and Vinca's are
Mitosis/G2
107
G1 drugs are
Hormonal/Antineoplastics enzymes
108
irinotecan causes
diarrhea
109
The alkylating drugs work by preventing cancer cells from reproducing
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
110
the miscellaneous alkylators
cisplatin, need hydration to prevent nephrotoxicity
111
3 Nitrosoureas
carmusine, cyclophosphamide and mechlorethamine
112
The cytotoxic antibiotics consist of natural substances produced by the mold Streptomyces as well as semisynthetic substances in which chemical changes are made in the natural molecule.
They have bone marrow suppression as a common toxicity. The one exception is bleomycin, which instead causes pulmonary toxicity (pulmonary fibrosis and pneumonitis).
113
Anthracyclines include
daunorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, and valrubicin.
114
Other cytotoxic antibiotics include
bleomycin (which is actually a cell cycle–specific drug), dactinomycin, mitomycin, mitoxantrone, and plicamycin.
115
Cytotoxic antibiotics are used to treat a variety of
solid tumors and some hematologic malignancies as well.
116
There are currently two broad classes of cell cycle–nonspecific cancer drugs:
alkylating drugs and cytotoxic antibiotics.
117
CCNS antibiotics MOA
Intercalation, resulting in blockade DNA synthesis
118
Cardiomyopathy is associated with large amounts of
doxorubicin
119
bevoaxizumab an angiogenesis inhibitor works by
blocking blood supply to tumor
120
Dexrazoane is cytoprotective and decrease incidence of
toxicity
121
hydroxyurea make it harder to make DNA like
antimetabolites

Pharmacology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions