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1
Q

Define autotrophs

A

An organism that makes its own food by photosynthesis

Examples include plants and some bacteria.

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2
Q

Define heterotrophs

A

An organism that must bring in its food

Examples include animals and fungi.

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3
Q

What is respiration?

A

The process of breaking down food to obtain the energy needed for life.

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4
Q

What is a photon?

A

A unit of electromagnetic radiation.

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5
Q

What is visible light?

A

The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum humans can ‘see’ – perceived as color.

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6
Q

What are stomata?

A

Small openings on the surface of leaves that allow gases to enter and exit.

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7
Q

What is the overall balanced equation for photosynthesis?

A

Plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make glucose, giving off oxygen and water as waste products.

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8
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place in the plant cell?

A

In the chloroplasts.

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9
Q

What is the primary pigment used by plants for photosynthesis?

A

Chlorophyll

Most plants appear green due to chlorophyll’s ability to absorb light.

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10
Q

What gas is required for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide.

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11
Q

What gas is released during photosynthesis?

A

Oxygen.

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12
Q

What four colors of the spectrum are responsible for most photosynthesis?

A
  • Red
  • Blue
  • Violet
  • Orange
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13
Q

Is light required for photosynthesis?

A

Yes.

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14
Q

Does light intensity affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Yes, generally higher light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis.

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15
Q

What role do accessory pigments play in photosynthesis?

A

They help capture light energy and broaden the spectrum of light that can be absorbed.

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16
Q

What would happen if photosynthesis did not occur?

A

All terrestrial life would stop; plants are the bottom of the food chain.

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17
Q

Define prokaryotes

A

Cells without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.

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18
Q

What organisms are classified as prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria only.

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19
Q

Define eukaryotes

A

Cells with a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

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20
Q

What organisms are classified as eukaryotes?

A
  • Protists
  • Plants
  • Animals
  • Fungi
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21
Q

What is a diploid cell?

A

A cell with 2 sets of DNA (one from mom and one from dad), symbol = 2N.

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22
Q

What is a haploid cell?

A

A cell with one set of DNA, symbol = N.

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23
Q

What are the three major parts of the cell cycle?

A
  • Interphase
  • Mitosis
  • Cytokinesis
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24
Q

What occurs during interphase?

A

The cell lives and grows, prepares to divide.

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25
What happens during the G1 phase of interphase?
Cells grow in size.
26
What happens during the S phase of interphase?
DNA is copied/replicated.
27
What happens during the G2 phase of interphase?
Cell continues to grow and makes proteins needed for division.
28
What is mitosis?
The division of the cell's DNA.
29
What are the phases of mitosis?
* Prophase * Metaphase * Anaphase * Telophase
30
What happens during prophase?
Chromatin becomes visible chromosomes and the nuclear membrane disappears.
31
What happens during metaphase?
Chromosomes are lined up in the center of the cell.
32
What happens during anaphase?
Chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite ends of the cell.
33
What happens during telophase?
Chromosomes revert to chromatin and new nuclear membranes form.
34
What is cytokinesis?
The division of the actual cell.
35
What is the purpose of mitosis?
Used for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.
36
What is meiosis?
Used to form gametes (sperm and eggs) for sexual reproduction.
37
How many times does a cell divide during meiosis?
Divides twice.
38
What are the differences between plant and animal cell division?
* Plants: Form a cell plate, no centrioles * Animals: Form a cleavage furrow, have centrioles
39
Define nucleotide
The base unit (monomer) of a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA).
40
Define gene
Piece of DNA that codes for a trait.
41
What does semiconservative mean in DNA replication?
Each new DNA molecule has one new strand matched up to one original strand.
42
What is a karyotype?
A picture of a cell's chromosomes.
43
Who determined that DNA carried the genetic code?
Griffith.
44
Who determined the amounts of A = T and C = G?
Chargaff.
45
What did Wilkins and Franklin discover about DNA?
DNA was double stranded and twisted.
46
Who figured out the 3-D structure of DNA?
Watson and Crick.
47
List the three structural differences between DNA and RNA.
* Different sugars (DNA: deoxyribose, RNA: ribose) * DNA is double stranded, RNA is single stranded * DNA has A, T, C, G; RNA has U instead of T
48
What does DNA do?
Carries the genetic information needed for building proteins.
49
What does RNA do?
Involved in the actual building of a protein from the DNA blueprint.
50
List the two types of nucleic acids.
* DNA * RNA
51
List the three parts of a nucleotide.
* Sugar * Phosphate group * Nitrogenous base
52
List the four bases of DNA and their complimentary pairs.
* A pairs with T * C pairs with G
53
What is the flow of genetic information?
DNA → RNA → PROTEIN (TRAIT).
54
Define dominant
Requires only one allele to be fully expressed.
55
Define recessive
Requires 2 alleles for the trait to be expressed.
56
Define homozygous
An individual with 2 of the same alleles.
57
Define heterozygous
An individual with 2 different alleles.
58
Define genotype
The actual alleles of an individual.
59
Define phenotype
How the trait is expressed - what you actually see.
60
Define probability in genetics
The numeric chance of an event occurring.
61
What is a Punnett Square?
A chart showing the probability of the possible offspring.
62
What is a pedigree chart?
A chart showing the actual inheritance of a trait in families.
63
Who is known as the 'Father of Genetics'?
Mendel.
64
What is Mendel's Principle of Independent Assortment?
An allele inherited for one trait has no bearing on which allele is received for a different trait.
65
What is Mendel's Principle of Segregation?
During meiosis, the two alleles from each parent are pulled apart and placed in different gametes.
66
Describe the dominant/recessive inheritance pattern.
Only one allele is needed for dominant trait; recessive trait requires two.
67
Describe codominant inheritance.
Both alleles are fully expressed.
68
Describe incomplete dominant inheritance.
Both alleles are partially expressed, resulting in a blend.
69
Define multiple alleles.
There are more than two alleles for a trait in a population.
70
What are the two problems related to inheritance patterns on the quiz?
* Dominant/recessive * Multiple alleles (Blood Type)
71
Define natural selection
The process where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.
72
Define adaptive evolution
Changes in species that enhance their fitness in a specific environment.
73
Define nonadaptive evolution
Evolutionary changes that do not necessarily enhance an organism's fitness.
74
Define genetic drift
Random changes in allele frequencies in a population.
75
List two types of nonadaptive evolution besides genetic drift.
* Gene flow * Mutation
76
Was the 'hunting' activity adaptive or nonadaptive? Why?
Adaptive; it improved survival and reproductive success.
77
Was the 'log rolling' activity adaptive or nonadaptive? Why?
Nonadaptive; it did not improve survival or reproductive success.
78
How old is the earth?
Approximately 4.5 billion years.
79
How long ago did our earliest human ancestors arrive?
About 6-7 million years ago.

Biol Lab (9 decks)

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