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BioDiversity > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

mammals

A

amniotes that have hair and produce milk

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2
Q

characters of mammals

A

-mammary glands-produce milk
-hair
-a larger brain than other vertebrates of equivalent size
-differentiated teeth

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3
Q

early evolution of mammals

A

from synapsids, two jaw bones were incorporated into inner ear

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4
Q

synapsids

A

what mammals derived from, tetrapod vertebrates

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5
Q

monotremes

A

a small group of egg laying mammals consisting of echidnas and platypus

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6
Q

marsupials

A

animals that continue development in mothers sac, kangaroo, opossum, koala

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7
Q

marsupium

A

the pouch of a marsupial

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8
Q

placenta

A

temporary organ that forms to create womb

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9
Q

convergent evolution in marsupials

A

marsupials in australia resemble eutherians in rest of the world due o convergent evolution

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10
Q

eutherians

A

a group of mammals with a placenta and reach an advanced state before birth

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11
Q

primates

A

lemurs, monkeys, apes, tarsiers

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12
Q

derived characters of primates

A

-hand and feet adapted for grasping
-large brain, short jaw
-forward looking eyes for depth perception
-social behavior and parental care
-opposable thumb

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13
Q

opposable thumb

A

thumb placed opposite of the fingers used for grasping

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14
Q

living primates

A

-lemurs, lorises, pottos
-tarsiers
-anthropoids

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15
Q

anthropoids

A

monkeys and apes

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16
Q

new and old world monkeys

A
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17
Q

apes

A

derived from old-world monkeys

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18
Q

biodiversity

A

-variety of life
-variability among living organisms from all sources(inter-species, intra-species, and ecosystems)

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19
Q

species diversity

A

the variety of species in an ecosystem or throughout biosphere

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20
Q

genetic diversity

A

genetic variation within a population and between population

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21
Q

ecological diversity

A

species richness/abundance within species, calculated through Shannons index

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22
Q

endangered species

A

in danger of extinction throughout all or much of its range

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23
Q

threatened species

A

likely to become endangered in foreseeable future

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24
Q

species concepts and their strenghts/weaknesses

A

BCEEMPR

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25
Q

biological species

A

group that can only mate/reproduce with each other
-popular yet irrelevant to asexual species

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26
Q

cohesion species

A

shared cohesive characteristics, like biological but includes asexual
-cohesion is hard to recognize

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27
Q

ecological species

A

group that occupies distinct adaptive zone
-hard to determine zones, assumes species cannot share same niche

28
Q

evolutionary species

A

lineage of ancestor descendant populations
-vague and difficult to observe

29
Q

morphological species

A

-group based on morphological features
-may not actually reflect links due to convergent evolution

30
Q

phylogenetic species

A

smallest group of diagnostically different from parental descent
-will give rise to too many species than other concepts

31
Q

recognition species

A

group of species that can recognize each other for breeding/fertilizing
-determining if a feature is used to recognize potential mates is difficult/impossible in many species

32
Q

taxonomic richness

A

number of different taxa present in each site

33
Q

shannon’s diversity index

A

H=-{a(lna) + b(lnb)….}

34
Q

how is genetic diversity measured

A

most precisely as nucleotide variation

35
Q

variation in genome sizes

A

how genetic diversity is measured

36
Q

variation in chromosome numbers

A

shorter chromosomes have more diversity, actual number of chromosomes does not affect that

37
Q

importance of species number as measure of biodiversity

A

the most common measure of biodiversity
-practical application
-existing information
-surrogacy
-wide application

38
Q

fossil record (strengths and limitations)

A

-not perfect or even depending on time periods
-only small fraction of the record has been recovered
-biased towards most abundant species (soft-bodied organisms don’t fossilize)

39
Q

molecular biology and its utility in documenting biodiversity

A

-allows us to build phylogenetic trees of relatedness
-paired organisms with very different sequences diverged early than more closely related ones

40
Q

molecular clocks

A

genetic changes used to determine when species diverged

41
Q

geological record

A

a timescale that partitions earths history into eras

42
Q

major events in development of biodiversity

A

-prokaryotes evolving
-photosynthesis and oxygen revolution

43
Q

impact of microbes on earth’s conditions

A

microbes recycle and create primary elements used for living systems (oxygen, carbon, nitrogen)

44
Q

evolution of eukaryotes and multicellularity

A

1.5 billion years ago were first ancestors of multicellular eukaryotes

45
Q

Cambrian explosion and significance to biodiversity

A

rapid burst of evolution due to increased oxygen levels and shallow ocean waters

46
Q

evolution of metazoan Hox genes

A

hox genes introduced to animals allowed for morphological diversity

47
Q

temporal dynamics in numbers of families of organisms

A

number of families increased with time

48
Q

patterns in the dynamics of evolution and extinction of families of organisms

A

high spikes of extinction

49
Q

mass extinction and proposed causes for past mass extinctions

A

abrupt change in climate conditions

50
Q

estimates of current numbers of species

A

from 3mil to 100 mil or more

51
Q

geographic patterns of biodiversity

A

-not distributed evenly across planet
-applies to terrestrial and aquatic env
-can identify large-scale trend but is significant spacial variation along latitudinal gradients

52
Q

species-area relationships

A

with all outside factors being equal, a larger geographical area will have more species

53
Q

explanations of species-area relationships

A

colonization/extinction dynamics
-speciation/extinction dynamics
-habitat diversity

54
Q

island biogeography and colonization/extinction dynamics

A

-larger geographical areas so immigration is less important for a source of new species
-more area/larger ranges/isolation = greater chance of new species evolving
-population sizes likely larger=reducing extinction probability

55
Q

local and regional richness relationships

A
56
Q

biological realms

A

a continuous uninterrupted geographical region - rain forest, tropical seas, global coastal zone etc.

57
Q

contrasts in diversity between oceans and terrestrial realms

A

-life began in sea
-continental are more heterogenous than marine
-ocean-bed is less elaborate than terrestrial
-herbivory differ between sea and land
-differences in body size distribution of marine and terrestrial

58
Q

biomes

A

based on temperature and rainfall, similar biomes can be seen in different realms

59
Q

hotspot of biodiversity

A

skewed by countries, some have most species, other have limited biodiversity

60
Q

endemism

A

a taxon found in an area and nowhere else

61
Q

factors increasing levels of endemism

A

area, latitude, species richness

62
Q

gradients in biodiversity

A

latitude, altitude and depth

63
Q

latitudinal patterns

A

species richness generally declines along equatorial-polar gradient, is greater in tropics

64
Q

features of latitudinal gradients

A

-persistent feature of much of the history of life on earth
-peak of diversity has inflection point north 20-30 degrees
-often asymmetrical about the equator
-steepness of gradient varies with taxon

65
Q

proposed mechanisms for latitudinal gradients

A

-area effects
-energy availability
-time

66
Q

patterns of biodiversity with respect to altitude and depth

A

BioDiversity (6 decks)

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