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exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

sporopollenin

A

adaption that allowed plants to move to land, durable polymer that prevents exposed zygotes from drying out

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2
Q

derived traits of plants

A

-alternation of generations
-walled spores produced in sporangia
-multicellular gametangia
-apical meristems

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3
Q

alternation of generations

A
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4
Q

sporophyte

A

diploid, produces haploid spores thru meiosis

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5
Q

gametophyte

A

haploid, produces haploid gametes thru mitosis

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6
Q

spores

A
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7
Q

embryophyte

A

land plants, dependency of embryo on parent

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8
Q

placental transfer cells

A

how nutrients are transferred from parent to embryo

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9
Q

sporangia

A

produced by sporophyte, organ that holds spores

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10
Q

sporocytes

A

diploid cells in spores that undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores

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11
Q

gametangia

A

where gametes are produced

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12
Q

archegonia

A

female gametangia that produce eggs and are fertilization site

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13
Q

antheridia

A

male gametangia that produce and release sperm

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14
Q

apical meristem

A

site for continual growth in plants

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15
Q

cuticle

A

film covering outer layer of plants to prevent evaporation of water out of plant

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16
Q

phyla of extant plants

A

charophytes?

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17
Q

bryophytes

A

non-vascular plants

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18
Q

lycophytes

A

club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts (less vascularized leaves than pteridophytes)

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19
Q

pterophytes

A

ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns

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20
Q

seedless vascular plants

A

Lycophyta and Pterophyta

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21
Q

gymnosperm

A

seeds formed in strobili and lack fruits and flowers, 1 integument

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22
Q

angiosperm

A

seeds formed in ovaries and have flowers and fruit to protect it, 2 integuments

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23
Q

mosses and other nonvascular plants

A

liverworts-hepatophyta
hornworts-anthocerophyta
mosses-bryophyta
*gametophyte dominated life cycle

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24
Q

protonema

A

thread-like chain of cells that forms earliest stages of gametophyte

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25
Q

gametophores

A

structures that produce either sperm or eggs and hold gametangia

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26
Q

rhizoids

A

anchor gametophytes in substrate

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27
Q

foot

A

connects to sporophyte

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28
Q

seta

A

stem like structure

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29
Q

capsule

A

holds sporangium

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30
Q

peristome

A

where spores are discharged from

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31
Q

stomata

A

small openings in leaves for gas exchange, seen in hornworts and moss

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32
Q

Sphagnum

A

“peat moss” forms extensive deposits of partially decayed organic material, important global reservoir of organic carbon

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33
Q

ferns and other seedless vascular plants

A

first plants to grow tall using vascular tissue, flagellated sperm restricts to moist environments

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34
Q

xylem

A

conducts most of the water and minerals including tracheas

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35
Q

tracheids

A

dead cells found in xylem, structural support and water transport

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36
Q

lignin

A

strengthens water-conducting cells and provides structural support

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37
Q

phloem

A

living cells, distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic products

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38
Q

roots

A

organs that anchor vascular plants , absorb water and nutrients from soil

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39
Q

leaves

A

organs that increase surface area, to capture more solar energy used for photosynthesis

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40
Q

microphylls

A

leaves with a single vein

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41
Q

megaphylls

A

leaves with a highly branched vascular system

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42
Q

sporophylls

A

modified leaves with sporangia

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43
Q

sori

A

clusters of sporangia on the underside of sporophylls

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44
Q

strobili

A

cone-like structures formed from groups of sporophylls

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45
Q

homosporous

A

produces one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte

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46
Q

heterosporous

A

all seed plants and seedless vascular plants: produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes, and microspores that give rise to male gametophytes

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47
Q

megaspores

A

give rise to female gametophytes

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48
Q

microspores

A

give rise to male gametophytes

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49
Q

seedless vascular plant diversity

A

ferns are most diverse seedless vascular plants

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50
Q

seed

A

embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat

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51
Q

seed plant characteristics

A

-reduced gametophytes
-heterospory
-ovules
-pollen

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52
Q

megasporangium

A

produces megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes

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53
Q

microsporangium

A

produces microspores that give rise to male gametophytes

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54
Q

pollen grains

A

what microspores develop into, containing male gametophytes

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55
Q

pollination

A

the transfer of pollen to the part of seed plant that contains ovules

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56
Q

ovule

A

consists of megasporangium, megaspore, and one or more integuments

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57
Q

pollen tube

A

produced when pollen grain germinates, discharges 2 sperm into ovule

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58
Q

seed embryo

A

seed develops from whole ovule, sporophyte embryo and food supply all within a protective coat

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59
Q

evolutionary advantages of seeds

A

-can remain dormant for days to years until germination conditions are favorable
-can be transported long distances by wind or animals

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60
Q

comparison of non-vascular, seedless vascular, and vascular plants

A

gametophyte vs sporophyte, h2o for reproduction, h2o transport

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61
Q

cycadophyta

A

large cones and palm like leaves

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62
Q

gnetophyta

A

gnetum, ephedra, welwitschia

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63
Q

ginkophyta

A

1 living species ginkgo biloba, ornamental and high tolerance to air pollution

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64
Q

coniferophyta

A

conifers such as pine/fir/redwood

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65
Q

flower

A

specialized structure for sexual reproduction

66
Q

stamen

A

filament and anther

67
Q

carpel

A

stigma, style, ovary

68
Q

variations in fruit

A

can be fleshy or dry, one seed or multiple

69
Q

dispersal of fruits

A

wings to float through wind, berries to pass through animals, barbs to stick onto animals

70
Q

angiosperm life cycle

71
Q

cross pollination

A

pollination of a flower/plant with from another flower/plant

72
Q

micropyle

A

small opening in surface of ovule, where pollen tube penetrates

73
Q

double fertilization

A

only seen in angiosperms, one sperm cell fertilizes egg, and other combines with 2 nuclei to become endosperm

74
Q

cotyledon

A

part of embryo that becomes the first leaf in a seedling

75
Q

endosperm

A

triploid (3n) food source within the embryo

76
Q

monocot

A

contains one cotyledon, parallel leaf veins, scattered vascular tissue, fibrous root system, pollen grain with one opening, petals in multiples of 3

77
Q

eudicot

A

contains 2 cotyledons (dicots), netlike leaf branching, ringed vascular tissue, taproot, 3 openings on pollen grains, petals in multiples of 4 or 5

78
Q

products from seed plants

A

most food comes from angiosperms, wood from seed plants, secondary compounds used for medicine

79
Q

mushroom

80
Q

nutrition and ecology

A

heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from outside their bodies, can break down complex molecules

81
Q

body structure of fungi

A

multicellular filaments or single celled yeasts

82
Q

hyphae

A

long branching filamentous structure of fungi

83
Q

chitin

A

what fungi cell walls are made of

84
Q

mycelium

A

networks of hyphae

85
Q

septa

A

how fungi are divided into cells, internal walls

86
Q

coenocytic

A

fungi that lack septa

87
Q

ectomycorrhizae

A

fungi that form sheaths of hyphae over plant roots and grow into spaces between roots

88
Q

arbuscular mycorrhizae

A

extend hyphae through cekk walls and root cells and into tubes (haustoria)

89
Q

haustoria

A

specialized hyphae that allow fungi to penetrate host tissue

90
Q

sexual reproduction

A

fusion of hyphae from different mating types

91
Q

pheromones

A

signaling molecules to communicate mating types

92
Q

plasmogamy

A

union of two parent mycelia

93
Q

heterokaryon

A

2 haploid nuclei that do not fuse right away but coexist in mycelium

94
Q

dikaryotic

A

when haploid nuclei pair off 2 to a cell

95
Q

karyogamy

A

nuclear fusion of haploid nuclei, creating diploid cells

96
Q

cryptomycetes

A

unicellular w flagellated spores

97
Q

microsporidians

A

group of spore-forming unicellular parasites

98
Q

chytrid

A

freshwater and terrestrial habitat, have zoospores, emerged early in evolution

99
Q

zoopagomycetes

A

parasites of animals, other fungi, and protists. asexual repro, non flagellated sperm

100
Q

zygosporangium

A

resistant to freezing, drying, and survive unfavorable conditions (heterokaryotic)

101
Q

mucoromycetes

A

fast growing molds, decomposers, parasites, and mutualist symbionts. associated w plants and have zygosporangia-glomeromycetes and arbuscular mycorrhizae

102
Q

ascomycetes

A

marine freshwater terrestrial habitat, spores produced in sac like ascus, have ascocarps

103
Q

sac fungi

A

ascomycetes nickname

104
Q

ascocarp

A

fruiting body of sac fungi, ex. truffle

105
Q

conidia

A

asexual spores produced at tips of specialized hyphae

106
Q

basidiomycetes

A

mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi

107
Q

basidium

A

club like structure

108
Q

club fungus

A

basidiomycetes nickname

109
Q

basidiocarp

A

large fruiting body where spores are formed

110
Q

ascomycetes, mucoromycetes, and basidiomycetes life cycle

111
Q

ecological roles of fungi

A

nutrient cycling, ecological interactions, and human welfare

112
Q

decomposition

A

recycling chemical elements between living and nonliving world

113
Q

endophyte

A

fungi that live between plant cells, symbiotic

114
Q

fungus-animal symbiosis

A

can help animals with digestion of food such as cows and ants

115
Q

lichens

A

a hybrid colony of a photosynthetic microorganism and fungus which all cells are held in a hyphae

116
Q

soredia

A

reproductive structure of lichens

117
Q

fungi parasites

A

can benefit from death of host (trees and plants mostly)

118
Q

practical fungi use

A

used in production of antibiotics

119
Q

animal

A

multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes, tissues that develop from embryonic layers

120
Q

heterotrophs

A

animals ingest food

121
Q

animal cell structure and specialization

A

lack cell walls, structural proteins such as collagen, nervous and muscle tissue

122
Q

reproduction and development

A

sexually, diploid stage dominates life cycle

123
Q

cleavage

A

rapid cell division of zygote, after sperm fertilizes egg

124
Q

blastula

A

animal embryo that is hollow ball of cells

125
Q

gastrulation

A

blastula reorganizes into a multilayered structure

126
Q

gastrula

A

multilayered structure that blastula becomes after gastrulation

127
Q

metamorphosis

A

transformation from the immature to adult form

128
Q

hox genes

A

regulate development of body form, in animals only

129
Q

blastocoels

A

fluid filled cavity of blastula

130
Q

blastopore

A

opening of gastrula where blastula caved into itself

131
Q

endoderm

A

innermost germ layer that lines developing digestive tube

132
Q

ectoderm

A

germ layer covering embryo outer surface

133
Q

mesoderm

A

only seen in triploblastic animals, center germ layer

134
Q

archenteron

A

the developing digestive tube

135
Q

body plan

A

a set of morphological and developmental traits

136
Q

radial symmetry

A

symmetry around a central point

137
Q

bilateral symmetry

A

two sided symmetry

138
Q

dorsal

139
Q

ventral

A

bottom side

140
Q

anterior

141
Q

posterior

142
Q

cephalization

A

the development of a head

143
Q

tissues

A

collections of specialized cells isolated from other tissues by membranous layers

144
Q

diploblastic

A

animals that have ectoderm and endoderm

145
Q

triploblastic

A

animals that also have a mesoderm layer

146
Q

body cavity

A

possessed by triploblastic animals

147
Q

coelom

A

a true body cavity derived from mesoderm

148
Q

coelomate

A

animals that possess a true coelom

149
Q

pseudocoelomate

A

organisms that have a fluid filled body cavity, not derived from mesoderm

150
Q

acoelomate

A

triploblastics with no body cavity

151
Q

protostome development

A

spiral cleavage, determinate, blastula becomes mouth

152
Q

deuterostome development

A

radial and indeterminate cleavage, blastopore becomes anus

153
Q

spiral cleavage

A

cells arranged spirally around embryos axis

154
Q

determinate cleavage

A

cells divided into daughter cells that are no longer able to produce a complete embryo on their own

155
Q

radial cleavage

A

cells divide at 90 degree angles to each other

156
Q

indeterminate cleavage

A

early embryonic c ells retain the capacity to develop into a complete embryo

157
Q

coelom formation fate of the blastopore

A

porto-becomes mouth
deuteron-becomes anus

158
Q

points of agreement between two most accepted animal phylogenies

A

-all animals have a common ancestor
-sponges are basal animals
-eumetazoans is a clade with true tissues

159
Q

ecdysozoan

A

group of protostome that build cuticle, pish posh group

160
Q

lophotrochozoans

A

triploblastic and possess an embryonic mesoderm sandwiched between the ectoderm and endoderm

161
Q

lophophore

A

a feeding organ possessed by aquatic organisms

162
Q

trochophore

BioDiversity (6 decks)

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