exam 3 Flashcards
invertebrate
animals that lack backbone
sponge
lack true tissues and organs
basal animal
radial symmetry body plans
suspension feeder
captures food particles suspended in water by passing thru body
spongocoel
water drawn thru pores into here
osculum
water leaves through this opening
choanocytes
flagellated collar cells that create current thru sponge to ingest food
mesohyl
noncellular layer between two cell layers
amoebocytes
found in mesohyl and play role in digestion and structure
hermaphrodite
functions as both male and female
cnidarians
animals with true tissues
gastrovascular cavity
a central digestive compartment
polyp
sessile
medusa
motile
cnidocyte
unique cells that functioning defense to capture prey, “stinging”
nematocyst
specialized organelles within cnidocytes that eject a stinging thread
cnidarian classes
Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, Anthozoa
hydrozoan life cycle
scyphozoan
jellies, medusa phase is prevalent form in life cycle
cubozoan
box jellies and sea wasps, box-shaped with complex eyes, and highly toxic cnidocytes
anthozoan
corals and anemones, only occur as polyps
lophotrochozoan
develop lophophore for feeding
ex. flatworms, brachiopods, mollusks, annelids
platyhelminthes
flatworms, triploblastic acoelomates, gas exchange thru surface
protonephiridia
regulates osmotic balance in flatworms
flame cells
ciliated cells that remove waste in flatworms
turbellarian
planarians, eyespots, hermaphrodites, more complex centralized nerve nets
monogeneans
parasites of fish, complex life cycles
trematodes
parasites of humans and live in snails for part of their life, complex life cycles
life cycle of schistosoma
(blood fluke) ciliated larva>snail host> motile larva> human host
cestoda
tapeworms: parasite of vertebrates and lack digestive system. fertilized sexual eggs leave thru host feces
scolex
contains hook and sucker of tapeworms to latch on and absorb nutrients from host intestine
rotifers
-smaller than protists yet specialized organelles and multicellular
-alimentary canal
-parthogenesis
alimentary canal
digestive tube with separate mouth and anus that lies in fluid filled psuedocoelom
parthenogenesis
how rotifers reproduce, females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs
ectoprocts (bryozoans)
superficially resemble plants, contain lophophores, exoskeleton encases colony
brachiopods
superficially resemble hinged mollusks, yet have ventral and dorsal shells rather than lateral, lophophore
molluscs
soft bodied animals but protected by outer shell
body plan of mollusks
muscular foot, visceral mass, mantle
foot
mucus to crawl over rough surfaces/stick to substrate
visceral mass
soft, non-muscular region that contains body organs
mantle
body wall that covers visceral mass and produces calcium shell
mantle cavity
water filled cavity that encloses gills for respiration
radula
tiny teeth structure to scrape food off surface
Mollusca classes
polyplacophora
Gastropoda
bivalvia
Cephalopoda
Polyplacophora
chitons- oval shaped marine animals encased in armor of 8 dorsal plates
gastropod
single, spiraled shell, or no shell, use torsion. ex, snails/slugs
torsion
animals anus and mantle to end up above head
bivalves
shell divided in two halves, gills in mantle cavity for feeding and gas exchange
cephalopods
carnivores with beak like jaws, tentacles of modified foot, squid and octopuses
ammonites
shelled cephalopods that were common but went extinct
annelids
bodies composed of series of fused rings
oligochaete
sparse chateau, bristles made of chiton
earthworms+ aquatic species
polychaete
paddle-like parapodia that work as gills and aid in locomotion
parapodia
unjointed lateral appendages in polychaete
leeches
blood-sucking parasites
secrete hirudin to prevent blood rom coagulating
ecdysozoan
covered with cuticle
cuticle
tough coat that is molted through ecdysis
nematode
round worms, alimentary cancel but lack circulatory system, sexual reproduction, important parasites to plants and animals
arthropod
segmented body, hard exoskeleton, jointed appendages
trilobite
earliest arthropod that showed little variation from segment to segment
exoskeleton
hard outer skeleton that supports body shape and protects internal organs
open circulatory system
fluid called hemolymph circulates through spaces surrounding tissues and organs
external anatomy of arthopods
cephalothorax, abdomen, antennae, legs, swimming appendages, pitchers, mouthparts
cheliceriformes
chelicerae, mainly arachnids
chelicerae
pair of appendages in front of mouth
eurypterid
earliest cheliceriorms (water scorpions)
arachnid
abdomen, cephalothorax, 6 pairs of appendages
anatomy of spider
book lungs, silk glands, 8 legs plus chelicerae
cephalothorax
fused head and thorax
pedipalps
used to capture/ hold prey
spinnerets
silk spinnig organ
silk gland
gland that produces silk, that hardens when exposed to air
book lungs
serious of thin plates, highly vascular, resembles pages of books
myriapods
jaw-like mandibles, centipedes and millipedes
diplopoda
millipeded- two leg pairs per segment
chilopoda
centipedes, 1 leg pair per segment
Hexapoda (insect)
more species than all other forms of life combines, include head thorax and abdomen, normally presence of wings
tracheae
delivers oxygen directly into insects tissues
malpighan tubules
absorbs salutes water and waste from hemolymph and discards waste as urine
cerebral ganglion
insect brain
mouthparts
mixes food with digestive enzymes and allows them to speak
complete metamorphisis
larval stage looks entirely different than adult stage
incomplete metamorhpisis
larval stage looks like a smaller version of adult stage, and keeps molting until reaches final size
nymph
young insects before molting
reproduction in insects
sexual reproduction thru separate sexes, mate with bright colors, sounds, and odors
crustaceans
mainly marine and freshwater environments, branched appendages specialized for feeding and locomotion
isopod
terrestrial, freshwater, and marine species
ex. pill bugs
decapods
relatively large crustaceans
ex. lobsters crabs crayfish
copepods
planktonic crustaceans, the most numerous of animals
barnacles
sessile crustaceans, cuticle hardened into a shell
echinoderm
deuterostomes, slow moving/sessile, water vascular system, tube feet
endoskeleton
internal calcareous skeleton plates
water vascular system
network of hydraulic canals that power tube feet
tube feet
used for locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange
madreporite
perforated plate where seawater enders the vascular System
central disk
central body that arms extend from
digestive glands
soft brown material that fills most spaces in the arms
ring canal
connects all radial canals, where water moves through for the vascular system
spine
protection from predators
gill
small gills at base of spines, assist with respiration and excretion
ampulla
sac that swells or deflates in radial canals
podium
tube feet
atsteroidea (sea star)
multiple arms from central disk, tube feet, can regrow lost arms
brittle star
distinct central disk with long flexible arms for movement
sea urchin
no arms, 5 rows of tube feet, round ball
sand dollar
no arms, 5 rows of tube feet, flat
sea Lillies
attach to substrate by stalk
feather stars
can crawl using long, flexible arms
sea cucumber
lack spines, reduced endoskeletons, long body shape, 5 rows of tube feet-some developed as feeding tentacles
sea daisy
discovered in 1986, only 3 species are known
chordate
bilateral animals that are deuterostomes
vertebrate
animals containing a backbone
characters of chordates
-notochord
-dorsal hollow nerve cor
-pharyngeal slits/clefts
-muscular post anal tail
notochord
longitudinal, flexible rod between digestive tube and nerve cord
nerve cord
developed from plate of ectoderm rolled into a tube, develops into central nervous system: brain and spinal cord
pharyngeal slits
grooves in pharynx called clefts develop into slits that open into outside body
-suspension feeding
-gas exchange
-develop into ear head and neck
post anal tail
in may species is greatly reduced, provides propelling force in many aquatic species
lancelet
blade-like shaped suspension feeders who retain chordate body through adulthood
cirri
lancelets suspension feed through these tentacles
atriopore
hole in which water exits the body
tunicate
marine suspension feeders: sea squirts. larval stage resembles chordate body plan then adult stage changes
incurrent/excurrent siphons
how water flows into sea squirts for suspension feeding
atrium
large cavity that contains enlarged pharynx
hox genes
genes that control body plan and morphology
craniate
chordates with head skull, brain, eyes, sensory organs
characters of craniates
-2 clusters of hox genes
-neural crest
-gill slits
-high metabolism and muscles
-heart, kidneys, red blood cells
neural crest
collection of cells near dorsal area of closing neural tube that give rise to variety of structures including skull
hagfish
least derived surviving lineage of craniates
-cartiligous skull and axial rod derived from notochord
-lack jaws and vertebrae
derived characteristics of vertebrates
second gene duplication involving DIx transcription factors
-vertebrae enclosing spinal cord
-elaborate skull
-fin rays, in aquatic forms
fin rays
small branching bones that support fins in fish, not connected to backbone
lamprey
oldest living lineage of vertebrates
characters of lamprey
-jawless
-cartilaginous segments surrounding notochord and arching over nerve cord
gnathostome
vertebrates that have jaws
-may have evolved from skeletal supports of pharyngeal slits
characters of gnathostomes
-additional duplication of Hox genes
-enlarged forebrain associated with smell and vision
-lateral line system
lateral line systems
detects pressure changes in fish to sense vibrations of objects/predators in the water
placoderm
gnathostomes that lacked teeth but had dermal bones that protruded like teeth
chondricthyans
animals with skeleton primarily composed of cartilage- sharks/rays/skates
spiral valve
short digestive tract with spiral to increase digestion surface area
oviparous
eggs hatch outside the mother’s body
viviparous
embryo develops in uterus and is nourished by mother and live birth
ovoviviparous
embryo develops in uterus and is nourished by egg sac- egg hatches in mother’s body
cloaca
cavity that releases digestive, excretory and reproductive output
osteichthyans
boney endoskeleton
operculum
flap that covers gills to protect them
swim bladder
how fish control buoyancy
ray-finned fishes
fins supported by rays that are long and flexible for manuevering
lobe-finned fishes
have muscular pelvic and pectoral fins
coelacanth
ancient group of lobe-finned fish
lungfish
freshwater vertebrates that can breathe air and have lobed fins
tetrapod
gnathostomes that have 4 limbs with feet and digits, and ears for detecting airborne sounds
origin of tetrapods
lobe-fins became progressively more limb-like while rest of body maintained adaptations for aquatic life
amphians
“both ways of life” aquatic larval and terrestrial adult stage
major groups of amphibians
urodela-salamanders
Anura-frogs
apoda-snakes
amniote
tetrapods with a terrestrially adapted egg
amniotic egg
egg with membranes to protect embryo out of water
amnion
membrane that covers embryo
chorion
membrane that surrounds embryo and amnion
allantois
helps embryo exchange gas and handle liquid waste
yolk sac
contains nutrients that embryo absorbs to develop
adaptation of amniotes for land
-impermeable skin
-ability to use rib cage to ventilate lungs
reptile
tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, birds, and extinct dinosaurs
characters of reptiles
scale for waterproof barrier, shelled eggs on land, ectothermic
ectothermic
absorb external heat as main source of body heat
endothermic
capable of keeping body warm through metabolism
lepidosaurs
surviving lineage of lepidosaurs is tuataras
turtles
alligators and crocodiles
birds
archosaurs, reptilian anatomy undergone modification for flight
derived characters of birds
-wings with keratin feathers
-lack of urinary bladder, one ovary, small gonads, no teeth
neornithes
clade of living birds
ratites
flightless birds
mammals
amniotes with hair and produce milk
derived characters of mammals
mammary glands
hair
larger brain
differentiated teeth
early evolution of mammals
two bones from jaw joint were incorporated into mammalian middle ear
synapsids
vertebrae that mammals evolved from
monotremes
small group of egg laying mammals
marsupials
embryo develops in placenta, born early, and continues development in maternal such
marsupium
maternal pouch that young marsupials develop in
convergent evolution
distantly related species develop similar traits due to similar environments
eutherians
placental mammals that have adapted closely to resembling marsupials
primates
lemurs monkeys apes
derived characters of primates
hands and feet adapted for grasping
-large brain, short jaw
-forward looking eyes
-complex parental care and social behavior
-opposable thumbs
living primates
lemurs, lorises, pottos
tarsiers
anthropoids
anthropoids
monkeys and apes
