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BioDiversity > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

invertebrate

A

animals that lack backbone

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2
Q

sponge

A

lack true tissues and organs

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3
Q

basal animal

A

radial symmetry body plans

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4
Q

suspension feeder

A

captures food particles suspended in water by passing thru body

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5
Q

spongocoel

A

water drawn thru pores into here

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6
Q

osculum

A

water leaves through this opening

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7
Q

choanocytes

A

flagellated collar cells that create current thru sponge to ingest food

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8
Q

mesohyl

A

noncellular layer between two cell layers

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9
Q

amoebocytes

A

found in mesohyl and play role in digestion and structure

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10
Q

hermaphrodite

A

functions as both male and female

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11
Q

cnidarians

A

animals with true tissues

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12
Q

gastrovascular cavity

A

a central digestive compartment

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13
Q

polyp

A

sessile

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14
Q

medusa

A

motile

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15
Q

cnidocyte

A

unique cells that functioning defense to capture prey, “stinging”

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16
Q

nematocyst

A

specialized organelles within cnidocytes that eject a stinging thread

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17
Q

cnidarian classes

A

Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, Anthozoa

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18
Q

hydrozoan life cycle

A
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19
Q

scyphozoan

A

jellies, medusa phase is prevalent form in life cycle

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20
Q

cubozoan

A

box jellies and sea wasps, box-shaped with complex eyes, and highly toxic cnidocytes

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21
Q

anthozoan

A

corals and anemones, only occur as polyps

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22
Q

lophotrochozoan

A

develop lophophore for feeding
ex. flatworms, brachiopods, mollusks, annelids

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23
Q

platyhelminthes

A

flatworms, triploblastic acoelomates, gas exchange thru surface

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24
Q

protonephiridia

A

regulates osmotic balance in flatworms

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25
Q

flame cells

A

ciliated cells that remove waste in flatworms

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26
Q

turbellarian

A

planarians, eyespots, hermaphrodites, more complex centralized nerve nets

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27
Q

monogeneans

A

parasites of fish, complex life cycles

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28
Q

trematodes

A

parasites of humans and live in snails for part of their life, complex life cycles

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29
Q

life cycle of schistosoma

A

(blood fluke) ciliated larva>snail host> motile larva> human host

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30
Q

cestoda

A

tapeworms: parasite of vertebrates and lack digestive system. fertilized sexual eggs leave thru host feces

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31
Q

scolex

A

contains hook and sucker of tapeworms to latch on and absorb nutrients from host intestine

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32
Q

rotifers

A

-smaller than protists yet specialized organelles and multicellular
-alimentary canal
-parthogenesis

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33
Q

alimentary canal

A

digestive tube with separate mouth and anus that lies in fluid filled psuedocoelom

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34
Q

parthenogenesis

A

how rotifers reproduce, females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs

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35
Q

ectoprocts (bryozoans)

A

superficially resemble plants, contain lophophores, exoskeleton encases colony

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36
Q

brachiopods

A

superficially resemble hinged mollusks, yet have ventral and dorsal shells rather than lateral, lophophore

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37
Q

molluscs

A

soft bodied animals but protected by outer shell

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38
Q

body plan of mollusks

A

muscular foot, visceral mass, mantle

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39
Q

foot

A

mucus to crawl over rough surfaces/stick to substrate

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40
Q

visceral mass

A

soft, non-muscular region that contains body organs

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41
Q

mantle

A

body wall that covers visceral mass and produces calcium shell

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42
Q

mantle cavity

A

water filled cavity that encloses gills for respiration

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43
Q

radula

A

tiny teeth structure to scrape food off surface

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44
Q

Mollusca classes

A

polyplacophora
Gastropoda
bivalvia
Cephalopoda

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45
Q

Polyplacophora

A

chitons- oval shaped marine animals encased in armor of 8 dorsal plates

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46
Q

gastropod

A

single, spiraled shell, or no shell, use torsion. ex, snails/slugs

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47
Q

torsion

A

animals anus and mantle to end up above head

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48
Q

bivalves

A

shell divided in two halves, gills in mantle cavity for feeding and gas exchange

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49
Q

cephalopods

A

carnivores with beak like jaws, tentacles of modified foot, squid and octopuses

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50
Q

ammonites

A

shelled cephalopods that were common but went extinct

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51
Q

annelids

A

bodies composed of series of fused rings

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52
Q

oligochaete

A

sparse chateau, bristles made of chiton
earthworms+ aquatic species

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53
Q

polychaete

A

paddle-like parapodia that work as gills and aid in locomotion

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54
Q

parapodia

A

unjointed lateral appendages in polychaete

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55
Q

leeches

A

blood-sucking parasites
secrete hirudin to prevent blood rom coagulating

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56
Q

ecdysozoan

A

covered with cuticle

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57
Q

cuticle

A

tough coat that is molted through ecdysis

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58
Q

nematode

A

round worms, alimentary cancel but lack circulatory system, sexual reproduction, important parasites to plants and animals

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59
Q

arthropod

A

segmented body, hard exoskeleton, jointed appendages

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60
Q

trilobite

A

earliest arthropod that showed little variation from segment to segment

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61
Q

exoskeleton

A

hard outer skeleton that supports body shape and protects internal organs

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62
Q

open circulatory system

A

fluid called hemolymph circulates through spaces surrounding tissues and organs

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63
Q

external anatomy of arthopods

A

cephalothorax, abdomen, antennae, legs, swimming appendages, pitchers, mouthparts

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64
Q

cheliceriformes

A

chelicerae, mainly arachnids

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65
Q

chelicerae

A

pair of appendages in front of mouth

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66
Q

eurypterid

A

earliest cheliceriorms (water scorpions)

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67
Q

arachnid

A

abdomen, cephalothorax, 6 pairs of appendages

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68
Q

anatomy of spider

A

book lungs, silk glands, 8 legs plus chelicerae

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69
Q

cephalothorax

A

fused head and thorax

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70
Q

pedipalps

A

used to capture/ hold prey

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71
Q

spinnerets

A

silk spinnig organ

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72
Q

silk gland

A

gland that produces silk, that hardens when exposed to air

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73
Q

book lungs

A

serious of thin plates, highly vascular, resembles pages of books

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74
Q

myriapods

A

jaw-like mandibles, centipedes and millipedes

75
Q

diplopoda

A

millipeded- two leg pairs per segment

76
Q

chilopoda

A

centipedes, 1 leg pair per segment

77
Q

Hexapoda (insect)

A

more species than all other forms of life combines, include head thorax and abdomen, normally presence of wings

78
Q

tracheae

A

delivers oxygen directly into insects tissues

79
Q

malpighan tubules

A

absorbs salutes water and waste from hemolymph and discards waste as urine

80
Q

cerebral ganglion

A

insect brain

81
Q

mouthparts

A

mixes food with digestive enzymes and allows them to speak

82
Q

complete metamorphisis

A

larval stage looks entirely different than adult stage

83
Q

incomplete metamorhpisis

A

larval stage looks like a smaller version of adult stage, and keeps molting until reaches final size

84
Q

nymph

A

young insects before molting

85
Q

reproduction in insects

A

sexual reproduction thru separate sexes, mate with bright colors, sounds, and odors

86
Q

crustaceans

A

mainly marine and freshwater environments, branched appendages specialized for feeding and locomotion

87
Q

isopod

A

terrestrial, freshwater, and marine species
ex. pill bugs

88
Q

decapods

A

relatively large crustaceans
ex. lobsters crabs crayfish

89
Q

copepods

A

planktonic crustaceans, the most numerous of animals

90
Q

barnacles

A

sessile crustaceans, cuticle hardened into a shell

91
Q

echinoderm

A

deuterostomes, slow moving/sessile, water vascular system, tube feet

92
Q

endoskeleton

A

internal calcareous skeleton plates

93
Q

water vascular system

A

network of hydraulic canals that power tube feet

94
Q

tube feet

A

used for locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange

95
Q

madreporite

A

perforated plate where seawater enders the vascular System

96
Q

central disk

A

central body that arms extend from

97
Q

digestive glands

A

soft brown material that fills most spaces in the arms

98
Q

ring canal

A

connects all radial canals, where water moves through for the vascular system

99
Q

spine

A

protection from predators

100
Q

gill

A

small gills at base of spines, assist with respiration and excretion

101
Q

ampulla

A

sac that swells or deflates in radial canals

102
Q

podium

A

tube feet

103
Q

atsteroidea (sea star)

A

multiple arms from central disk, tube feet, can regrow lost arms

104
Q

brittle star

A

distinct central disk with long flexible arms for movement

105
Q

sea urchin

A

no arms, 5 rows of tube feet, round ball

106
Q

sand dollar

A

no arms, 5 rows of tube feet, flat

107
Q

sea Lillies

A

attach to substrate by stalk

108
Q

feather stars

A

can crawl using long, flexible arms

109
Q

sea cucumber

A

lack spines, reduced endoskeletons, long body shape, 5 rows of tube feet-some developed as feeding tentacles

110
Q

sea daisy

A

discovered in 1986, only 3 species are known

111
Q

chordate

A

bilateral animals that are deuterostomes

112
Q

vertebrate

A

animals containing a backbone

113
Q

characters of chordates

A

-notochord
-dorsal hollow nerve cor
-pharyngeal slits/clefts
-muscular post anal tail

114
Q

notochord

A

longitudinal, flexible rod between digestive tube and nerve cord

115
Q

nerve cord

A

developed from plate of ectoderm rolled into a tube, develops into central nervous system: brain and spinal cord

116
Q

pharyngeal slits

A

grooves in pharynx called clefts develop into slits that open into outside body
-suspension feeding
-gas exchange
-develop into ear head and neck

117
Q

post anal tail

A

in may species is greatly reduced, provides propelling force in many aquatic species

118
Q

lancelet

A

blade-like shaped suspension feeders who retain chordate body through adulthood

119
Q

cirri

A

lancelets suspension feed through these tentacles

120
Q

atriopore

A

hole in which water exits the body

121
Q

tunicate

A

marine suspension feeders: sea squirts. larval stage resembles chordate body plan then adult stage changes

122
Q

incurrent/excurrent siphons

A

how water flows into sea squirts for suspension feeding

123
Q

atrium

A

large cavity that contains enlarged pharynx

124
Q

hox genes

A

genes that control body plan and morphology

125
Q

craniate

A

chordates with head skull, brain, eyes, sensory organs

126
Q

characters of craniates

A

-2 clusters of hox genes
-neural crest
-gill slits
-high metabolism and muscles
-heart, kidneys, red blood cells

127
Q

neural crest

A

collection of cells near dorsal area of closing neural tube that give rise to variety of structures including skull

128
Q

hagfish

A

least derived surviving lineage of craniates
-cartiligous skull and axial rod derived from notochord
-lack jaws and vertebrae

129
Q

derived characteristics of vertebrates

A

second gene duplication involving DIx transcription factors
-vertebrae enclosing spinal cord
-elaborate skull
-fin rays, in aquatic forms

130
Q

fin rays

A

small branching bones that support fins in fish, not connected to backbone

131
Q

lamprey

A

oldest living lineage of vertebrates

132
Q

characters of lamprey

A

-jawless
-cartilaginous segments surrounding notochord and arching over nerve cord

133
Q

gnathostome

A

vertebrates that have jaws
-may have evolved from skeletal supports of pharyngeal slits

134
Q

characters of gnathostomes

A

-additional duplication of Hox genes
-enlarged forebrain associated with smell and vision
-lateral line system

135
Q

lateral line systems

A

detects pressure changes in fish to sense vibrations of objects/predators in the water

136
Q

placoderm

A

gnathostomes that lacked teeth but had dermal bones that protruded like teeth

137
Q

chondricthyans

A

animals with skeleton primarily composed of cartilage- sharks/rays/skates

138
Q

spiral valve

A

short digestive tract with spiral to increase digestion surface area

139
Q

oviparous

A

eggs hatch outside the mother’s body

140
Q

viviparous

A

embryo develops in uterus and is nourished by mother and live birth

141
Q

ovoviviparous

A

embryo develops in uterus and is nourished by egg sac- egg hatches in mother’s body

142
Q

cloaca

A

cavity that releases digestive, excretory and reproductive output

143
Q

osteichthyans

A

boney endoskeleton

144
Q

operculum

A

flap that covers gills to protect them

145
Q

swim bladder

A

how fish control buoyancy

146
Q

ray-finned fishes

A

fins supported by rays that are long and flexible for manuevering

147
Q

lobe-finned fishes

A

have muscular pelvic and pectoral fins

148
Q

coelacanth

A

ancient group of lobe-finned fish

149
Q

lungfish

A

freshwater vertebrates that can breathe air and have lobed fins

150
Q

tetrapod

A

gnathostomes that have 4 limbs with feet and digits, and ears for detecting airborne sounds

151
Q

origin of tetrapods

A

lobe-fins became progressively more limb-like while rest of body maintained adaptations for aquatic life

152
Q

amphians

A

“both ways of life” aquatic larval and terrestrial adult stage

153
Q

major groups of amphibians

A

urodela-salamanders
Anura-frogs
apoda-snakes

154
Q

amniote

A

tetrapods with a terrestrially adapted egg

155
Q

amniotic egg

A

egg with membranes to protect embryo out of water

156
Q

amnion

A

membrane that covers embryo

157
Q

chorion

A

membrane that surrounds embryo and amnion

158
Q

allantois

A

helps embryo exchange gas and handle liquid waste

159
Q

yolk sac

A

contains nutrients that embryo absorbs to develop

160
Q

adaptation of amniotes for land

A

-impermeable skin
-ability to use rib cage to ventilate lungs

161
Q

reptile

A

tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, birds, and extinct dinosaurs

162
Q

characters of reptiles

A

scale for waterproof barrier, shelled eggs on land, ectothermic

163
Q

ectothermic

A

absorb external heat as main source of body heat

164
Q

endothermic

A

capable of keeping body warm through metabolism

165
Q

lepidosaurs

A

surviving lineage of lepidosaurs is tuataras

166
Q

turtles

A
167
Q

alligators and crocodiles

A
168
Q

birds

A

archosaurs, reptilian anatomy undergone modification for flight

169
Q

derived characters of birds

A

-wings with keratin feathers
-lack of urinary bladder, one ovary, small gonads, no teeth

170
Q

neornithes

A

clade of living birds

171
Q

ratites

A

flightless birds

172
Q

mammals

A

amniotes with hair and produce milk

173
Q

derived characters of mammals

A

mammary glands
hair
larger brain
differentiated teeth

174
Q

early evolution of mammals

A

two bones from jaw joint were incorporated into mammalian middle ear

175
Q

synapsids

A

vertebrae that mammals evolved from

176
Q

monotremes

A

small group of egg laying mammals

177
Q

marsupials

A

embryo develops in placenta, born early, and continues development in maternal such

178
Q

marsupium

A

maternal pouch that young marsupials develop in

179
Q

convergent evolution

A

distantly related species develop similar traits due to similar environments

180
Q

eutherians

A

placental mammals that have adapted closely to resembling marsupials

181
Q

primates

A

lemurs monkeys apes

182
Q

derived characters of primates

A

hands and feet adapted for grasping
-large brain, short jaw
-forward looking eyes
-complex parental care and social behavior
-opposable thumbs

183
Q

living primates

A

lemurs, lorises, pottos
tarsiers
anthropoids

184
Q

anthropoids

A

monkeys and apes

BioDiversity (6 decks)

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