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BioDiversity > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

phylogeny

A

the evolutionary history of a species or group of species

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2
Q

systematics

A

the study of classification used to construct phylogenies

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3
Q

taxonomy

A

the science of naming and classifying organisms

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4
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

every organism has a unique Latin genus and species name

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5
Q

specific epithet

A

the species name that differentiates organisms in the same genus

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6
Q

hierarchical classification

A

Domain>Kingdom>Phylum>Class>Order>Family>Genus>Species

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7
Q

taxon

A

any level within hierarchical classification

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8
Q

linking classification and phylogeny

A

systematists depict evolutionary relationships in branching phylogenetic trees

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9
Q

phylogenic tree

A

a branching diagram that represents evolutionary relationships between species

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10
Q

branch points

A

represents the divergence of two species

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11
Q

sister taxa

A

groups that share an immediate common ancestor

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12
Q

root

A

includes a branch to represent the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree

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13
Q

polytomy

A

a branch from which more than two groups emerge

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14
Q

what we can/can’t learn from phylogenetic trees

A

-patterns of descent
-do not indicate when species evolved or how much genetic change has occurred
-shouldnt be assumed that a taxon evolved from the one next to it

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15
Q

morphological and molecular homologies

A

organisms with similar morphologies (DNA sequences) are likely to be more closely related

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16
Q

homology

A

similarity due to shared ancestry

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17
Q

analogy

A

similarity due to convergent evolution

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18
Q

cladistics

A

groupings of organisms by common descent

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19
Q

clades

A

a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants

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20
Q

monophyletic

A

a clade containing an ancestor species and all its descendants

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21
Q

paraphyletic

A

contains ancestor, but not all of its descendants

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22
Q

polyphyletic

A

a group of species with no common ancestor

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23
Q

from two kingdoms to 3 domains

A

used to classify all organisms as plants or animals, now there are 3 domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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24
Q

sizes and shapes of common bacteria

A

spherical-cocci
rod-shaped-bacilli
spiral

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25
Q

cell surface structures

A

cell walls used for protection and prevention of bursting in hypotonic environment

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26
Q

peptidoglycan

A

a network of sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides in bacterial cell walls

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27
Q

Gram stain

A

procedure of detecting bacteria species based on cell wall

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28
Q

Gram-positive

A

darker stain, cocci (spherical)- simple walls with thick layer of peptidoglycan

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29
Q

Gram-negative

A

lighter stained rods- more structurally complex

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30
Q

capsule

A

a dense and well defined layer outside prokaryote cells that is a sticky layer of protein

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31
Q

fimbriae

A

hairlike appendages that prokaryotes use to stick to substrate or each other

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32
Q

pili

A

longer and less numerous fimbriae used to pull two cells together to transfer DNA

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33
Q

motility

A

means of transportation of a cell

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34
Q

bacterial flagellum

A

helical filamentous organelle used for motility

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35
Q

taxis

A
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36
Q

internal and genomic organization

A

prokaryotic cells usually lack complex compartmentalization
prok. genome has less DNA than euk. genome

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37
Q

prokaryotic genome

A

circular chromosome

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38
Q

nucleoid

A

irregular shaped region in prok. cell where most genetic material is stored

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39
Q

plasmid

A

smaller rings of DNA found in some bacteria species

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40
Q

prok. reproduction and adaptation

A

quick reproduction by binary fission and can divide every 1-3 hours

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41
Q

endospores

A

highly retractive thick walled structures formed in bacteria that can remain viable in harsh conditions for centuries

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42
Q

rapid reproduction and mutation

A

mutation rates are low, yet since reproduction is rapid, mutations can accumulate quickly in a population

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43
Q

prok. genetic diversity factors

A

-rapid reproduction
-mutation
-genetic recombination

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44
Q

genetic recombination

A

through transformation, transduction, and conjugation

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45
Q

transformation

A

prok. cell can take up and incorporate foreign DNA from surrounding environment

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46
Q

transduction

A

the movement of genes between bacteria and bacteriophages ( viruses that infect bacteria)

47
Q

conjugation

A

where genetic material is transferred between bacteria cells

48
Q

nutritional and metabolic types of bacteria

A

photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, photoheterotroph, chemoheterotroph

49
Q

role of bacteria in chemical cycling

A

major role in recycling between living and nonliving components of ecosystem
-chemoheterotrophic prok. function as decomposers
-nitrogen fixation

50
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

some prok. can convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3)

51
Q

metabolic cooperation

A

the exchange of molecules among cells through permeable junctions formed at sites of cell contact

52
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

poisoned by oxygen and use fermentation or anaerobic resp

53
Q

obligate aerobes

A

require oxygen for cellular resp

54
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

can survive with or without oxygen

55
Q

biofilm

A

surface-coating colonies where metabolic cooperation occurs

56
Q

roles of prokaryotes on biosphere

A

vital role- produce genetic diversity, fix most of our components of the atmosphere, play part in vital cycle

57
Q

chemical recycling

A

breaking down corpses, dead vegetation, and waste products

58
Q

decomposer

A

break down dead organisms and create new usable compounds

59
Q

symbiosis

A

a close, long term relationship between organisms

60
Q

mutualism

A

both organisms benefit from relationship

61
Q

commensalism

A

one benefits, other is unaffected

62
Q

parasite

A

one benefits, another is harmed

63
Q

pathogen

A

a microorganism that causes disease

64
Q

harmful and beneficial effects of bacteria on humans

A

some bacteria is beneficial, others are pathogens

65
Q

exotoxin

A

cause disease even if the prokaryotes that produced it are not present

66
Q

endotoxin

A

are released only when bacteria die and cell wall breaks down

67
Q

protist

A

informal name of the kingdom of mostly unicellular eukaryotes

68
Q

unicellularity

A

most protists are unicellular, yet some are colonial and multicellular

69
Q

structural and functional diversity of protists

A

protists have more structure and functional diversity than any other group of eukaryotes due to their biological functions being carried out by individual organelles

70
Q

mixotroph

A

combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

71
Q

endosymbiosis in eukaryotic evolution

A

theory that organelles originated by one organism living inside another, eventually losing its walls and evolving to become one organism

72
Q

secondary endosymbiosis

A

the evolution of one cell who has already underwent primary symbiosis enters another cell to evolve further

73
Q

5 supergroups of eukaryotes

A

Excavata, SAR, archaeplastida, unikonta

74
Q

SAR clade

A

controversial: SAR is believed to be monophyletic and originated by a secondary endosymbiosis event with red alga
-stramenopiles, Alveolates, rhizarians

75
Q

Excavata

A

characterized by cytoskeleton and may have feeding groove
-includes diplomonads, parabasalids, euglenozoans

76
Q

Stramenopiles

A

most have a “hairy” flagellum paired with a “smooth” flagellum

77
Q

chromAlveolata

A

developed as a result of secondary endosymbiosis event. contain alveoli structure

78
Q

Rhizaria

A

threadlike and needlelike pseudopodia

79
Q

Archaeplastida

A

red algae, green algae, and land plants

80
Q

Unikonta

A

animals, fungi, and some protists, broken into two groups: amoebozoans, and opisthokonts (animals fungi etc.)

81
Q

euglenozoans

A

within Excavata: a spiral or crystalline rod of unknown inside their flagella.
-kinetoplastids and euglenids

82
Q

kinetoplastids

A

within eugelenozoa: have a single mitochondrion with an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast

83
Q

trypanosome

A

a kinetoplastid that causes sleeping sickness in humans

84
Q

euglenids

A

within euglenozoan: have 1 or 2 flagella that emerge from a pocket at one end of the cell

85
Q

Alveolates

A

membrane bound sacs (alveolata) just under plasma membrane with unknown function
-includes dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates

86
Q

dinoflagellates

A

within Alveolates: diverse aquatic plankton. 2 flagella make them spin in the water, cause of toxic red tides

87
Q

apicomplexans

A

within Alveolates: parasites of animals and disease causing. contain non-photosynthetic plastid called the apicoplast. specialized apex for penetrating a host

88
Q

plasmodium life cycle

A

a species of apicomplexan, causes malaria, requires both humans and mosquitos to complete life cycle

89
Q

malaria

A

deadly disease with ongoing vaccine efforts to target this pathogen

90
Q

apicoplast

A

non-photosynthetic plastid in apicomplexans

91
Q

ciliates

A

within Alveolates: possess both large micronuclei and small micronuclei (used in conjugation-a sexual process that produces genetic variation)

92
Q

diatoms

A

in stramenopile: unicellular algae with unique two-part glass like wall of hydrated silica.

93
Q

golden algae

A

in stramenopile: yellow and brown carotenoids give golden color, cells are biflagellate with both on one end, unicellular but also colonial

94
Q

brown algae

A

in stramenopile: largest and most complex algae, multicellular, includes many “seaweed” species

95
Q

thallus

A

full body of the algal seaweed

96
Q

holdfast

A

anchors into substrate

97
Q

stipe

A

stem of seaweed

98
Q

blades

A

leaflike ends of seaweed

99
Q

red algae

A

within archaeplastida: contains red pigments to absorb light at lower depths

100
Q

green algae

A

within archaeplastida: green color comes from chlorophyll

101
Q

DHFR-TS gene fusion

A
102
Q

amoebazoans

A

amoeba that have lobe or tube shaped psuedopodia (rather than threadlike)

103
Q

opisthokonts

A
104
Q

roles of protists in ecological relationship

A
105
Q

symbiotic protists

A
106
Q

photosynthetic protists

A
107
Q

plant evolution and diversity

A
108
Q

evidence for land plants evolving from green algae

A

a heterotrophic protist had a Cyanobacteria endosymbiont. green algae contains same pigments as land plants unlike other algae

109
Q

rosette complexes

A
110
Q

peroxisome enzymes

A
111
Q

structure of flagellated sperm

A
112
Q

formation of phragmoplast

A
113
Q

adaptations enabling the move to land

A
114
Q

sporopllenin

A

BioDiversity (4 decks)

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