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Macro > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Where does glycolysis occur in the cell

A

In the Cytoplasm

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2
Q

What coenzymes are required for glycolysis

A

NAD+

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3
Q

Why does glycolysis not require oxygen in order to function

A

It can convert lactate from pyruvate from H+ and electrons to regenerate NAD+ from NADH.

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4
Q

What is the end product of glycolysis? How many of this molecule do you get from each glucose entering the celle

A

End product: ATP
get 2 ATP/ glucose

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5
Q

What are the 3 criteria that make something an essential nutrient

A

1) The body cannot produce it in sufficient quantities on its own
2) A deficiency in the nutrient leads to health problems
3) The function of that nutrient cannot be replaced by another nutrient

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6
Q

Where does the transition reaction take place

A

Mitochondria

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7
Q

Where does beta oxidation take place

A

Mitochondria

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8
Q

Where does alcohol detoxification (ADH/ ALDH) occur

A

Cytoplasm

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9
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle take place

A

Mitochondria

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10
Q

Where does the electron transport chain occur

A

Mitochondria

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11
Q

Which of the following can occur in an anaerobic state
A) glycolysis
B) transition reaction
C) beta oxidation
D) citric acid cycle
E) electron transport chain

A

Glycolysis

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12
Q

T/F the transition reaction is reversible

A

False. It is not reversible

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13
Q

Which of the following requirements ATP
A) glycolysis
B) transition reaction
C) beta oxidation
D) citric acid cycle
E) electron transport chain

A

Glycolysis
Beta oxidation

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14
Q

Which of the following produce ATP
A) glycolysis
B) transition reaction
C) beta oxidation
D) citric acid cycle
E) Electron transport chain

A

Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle
ETC

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15
Q

Which pathway produces the most ATP

A

ETC

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16
Q

Catabolism of glycogen to glucose

A

Glycogenolysis

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17
Q

Catabolism of glucose to pyruvate

A

Glycolysis

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18
Q

Conversion of pyruvate to lactate

A

Anaerobic glycolysis/ first half of cori cycle

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19
Q

Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

A

Transition reaction

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20
Q

Conversion of oxaloacetate to glucose

A

Gluconeogenesis

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21
Q

Synthesis of glycogen from glucose

A

Glycogenesis

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22
Q

Catabolism of a fatty acid to acetyl CoA

A

Beta oxidation

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23
Q

Synthesis of a TG from glycerol and fatty acids

A

Lipogenesis

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24
Q

Catabolism of TG

A

Lipolysis

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25
Q

Synthesis of a fatty acid from excess acetyl CoA

A

Lipogenesis

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26
Q

Synthesis of ketones from excess acetyl coA

A

Ketogenesis

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27
Q

Which of the following occurs only in the liver?
A) Ketone Synthesis
B) Conversion of excess glucose to fatty acids
C)Conversion of excess amino acids to fatty acids
D) Synthesis of nonessential amino acids

A

Ketone synthesis
Conversion of excess glucose to fatty acids
Conversion of excess amino acids to fatty acids

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28
Q

Which of the following tissues can use ketones for ATP production
A) Liver
B) Brain
C)Red Blood cells
D) Muscles
E) All tissues

A

Brain
Muscles

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29
Q

What would the effect on metabolism be if there is a reduction in the enzymes necessary for CAC

A

Cycle will slow down

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30
Q

What would the effect on metabolism be if there is an increased presence of coenzyme

A

Macronutrient metabolism will increase, but too an extent. Once there’s more coenzymes than enzymes it will no longer increase in speed since the enzymes can only work so quickly

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31
Q

What would the effect on metabolism be if there is a high cellular ATP concentrations

A

ATP producing pathways will be downregulated while anabolic pathways will be upregulated

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32
Q

What are pathways are anabolic

A

Glycogenesis, Lipogenesis, and protein synthesis

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33
Q

What pathways are catabolic

A

Glycogenolysis, TG lipolysis, Glycolysis, Beta oxidation, CAC, ETC

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34
Q

What would the effect on metabolism be if there is low cellular ATP concentration

A

ATP producing pathways will be upregulated while anabolic pathways will be downregulated

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35
Q

What would the effect on metabolism be if there is high blood insulin concentration

A

Pathways to process and store carbs will be upregulated while pathways that synthesize more carbs or would catabolize other nutrients will be downregulated

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36
Q

What pathways process and store carbs

A

Glycolysis, glycogenesis, lipogenesis

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37
Q

What pathways can synthesize more carbs

A

Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis,

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38
Q

What pathways catabolize other nutrients

A

Lipolysis, beta oxidation.

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39
Q

What would the effect on metabolism be if there is high blood glucagon concentration (low blood sugar)

A

Pathways to increase glucose and energy will be upregulated, (glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis)
Anabolic pathways will be downregulated

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40
Q

After eating what will happen to carbs

A

Carbs will be the main source of ATP. Rates of glycolysis and the CAC will be high, and excess glucose will be stored as glycogen in the liver/muscles and then fat in adipose

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41
Q

After eating what will happen to lipids

A

Some of the dietary fat will also provide ATP (beta oxidation) but to a much lesser extent. Fat will be mostly stored in adipose

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42
Q

After eating what will happen to proteins

A

Amino acids will be primarily deposited into the amino acid pool and used for protein synthesis.

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43
Q

If there’s a high insulin concentration would it be expected for the brain to receive a hunger or satiety message

A

Satiety. Excess energy from insulin

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44
Q

If there’s a release of ghrelin would it be expected for the brain to receive a hunger or satiety message

A

Hunger (empty stomach/ need to eat)

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45
Q

If theres a release of leptin would it be expected for the brain to receive a hunger or satiety message

A

Satiety (Adequate fat stores in adipose tissue)

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46
Q

If there’s a high blood sugar would it be expected for the brain to receive a hunger or satiety message

A

Satiety (excess energy)

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47
Q

If the stretch receptors are activated in the stomach would it be expected for the brain to receive a hunger or satiety message

A

Satiety (Full stomach)

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48
Q

Which nutrient has the highest TEF
A) Carbs
B) Fat
C) Protein
D) Water

A

Protein

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49
Q

Define energy balance

A

Relationship of energy intake and energy expenditure

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50
Q

What are the components of energy intake

A

Food and beverages consumed kcal content measured by bomb calorimeter

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51
Q

List the 4 components of energy expenditure

A

Basal metabolism
Physical activity
Thermic effect of food
Adaptive thermogenesis

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52
Q

Hunger is defined as

A

The physiological desire to find and eat food

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53
Q

Hunger is controlled by

A

Ghrelin, insulin, and glucagon
Nutrient/ energy availability
Organs (empty stomach)
Nervous system

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54
Q

Which hormones control satiety

A

Insulin, glucagon, leptin

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55
Q

What releases leptin

A

Adipose tissue

56
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A

Minimum amount of energy expended to stay alive

57
Q

RMR Resting metabolic rate

A

Energy expended when not completely at rest

58
Q

Is BMR or RMR more accurate for measuring someone’s daily expenditure

A

RMR- Usually higher than BMR

59
Q

Does fasting increase or decrease BMR

A

Decrease

60
Q

What percent of kcal is expended to digest, absorb, transport, and metabolize

A

5-10% daily energy expenditure

61
Q

TEF (Thermic effect of food) values of each nutrient

A

Carbs- 5-10%
Fas: 0-5%
Protein: 20-30%

62
Q

What type of tissue is highly vascular making it great for heat generation

A

Brown adipose tissue

63
Q

Adaptive thermogenesis

A

Heat expenditure to maintain body temp through non-voluntary activities.

64
Q

Thermogenesis is _____ and _______

A

Small, highly variable

65
Q

CO2 is produced where

A

Transition reaction, ETC

66
Q

What are the sources of Carbs

A

Plants- Due to photosynthesis
Mammary glands- Milk

67
Q

Carbs that are easy to break down

A

Simple carbs

68
Q

Carbs that are harder to break down

A

Complex carbs

69
Q

T/F oligosaccharides are not a source of energy

A

True- we lack enzymes for digestion

70
Q

What happens to food that isn’t digested

A

Becomes food for our microbiota

71
Q

Where is glycogen found

A

Only in the body

72
Q

Does amylopectin or amylose break down easier

A

Amylopectin since the enzymes can attack at all ends

73
Q

If food breaks down quicker what happens to the BP

A

It increases quicker

74
Q

What is the closest match to regular milk

A

Soy

75
Q

How are carbs absorbed

A

Na+/K+ pump. Requires a down concentration gradient/ATP

76
Q

How is fructose absorbed

A

Facilitated diffusion

77
Q

How are glucose and galactose absorbed

A

Secondary active transport
Symporter

78
Q

When would glycogenesis occur

A

When the blood glucose is elevated

79
Q

When would glycogenolysis occur

A

When the blood glucose is low

80
Q

What is released from the pancreas when glycogenesis occurs

A

Insulin

81
Q

What is released from the pancreas when glycogenolysis occurs

A

Glucagon

82
Q

What are the goals of glycolysis

A

Prepare glucose to enter CAC (turn it into acetyl CoA
Produce intermediates that can be used for other things

83
Q

What is the transition reaction

A

Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA.

84
Q

What is glycolysis

A

The conversion of glucose to pyruvate

85
Q

T/F the transition reaction is reversible

A

False. It is irreversible

86
Q

What happens to carb metabolism when there’s not enough oxygen

A

Excess pyruvate gets turned to lactate which can regenerate NAD+ from NADH to keep they cycle going

87
Q

Why is anaerobic glycolysis only temporary

A

Not enough ATP
Too much lactate which can lower blood pH

88
Q

What is the cori cycle

A

Conversion of lactate back to glucose

89
Q

Where does the Cori cycle occur

A

The liver

90
Q

What are soluble fibers

A

Pectin, Gum, Mucilage

91
Q

What are insoluble fibers

A

Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin

92
Q

Dietary fiber

A

Naturally occuring

93
Q

Functional fiber

A

Added to food

94
Q

How do you find total fiber

A

Dietary fiber + Functional fiber

95
Q

What are the health benefits of soluble fiber

A

Satiety, Blood sugar control, Food for gut microbiota, maintain blood cholesterol

96
Q

T/F insoluble fiber does not give kcal

A

True

97
Q

What are the health benefits of insoluble fiber

A

Waste elimination, Lowers risk of colon cancer, Lowers risk of diverticular disease

98
Q

What does insulin do

A

Increases glucose uptake + suppresses glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis and fat catabolism

99
Q

What does glucagon do

A

Increases glycogen breakdown, gluconeogenesis, fat catabolism, and triggers the release of glucose

100
Q

What is glycogen

A

Storage form of glucose

101
Q

What is glycogenolysis

A

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose

102
Q

What is glycogenesis

A

Conversion of glucose to glycogen; increased BP

103
Q

Why is the A1C test inaccurate?

A

Only tells an average over time
Doesn’t tell anything about blood sugar control

104
Q

What is pre diabetes

A

Mild to moderate blood sugar dysregulation

105
Q

T/F pre diabetes is reversible

A

True

106
Q

T/F the body can have insulin but it might not be working effectively

A

True

107
Q

What causes T1 diabetes

A

Antibodies attack insulin producing beta cells of the pancreas
Results in reduced insulin

108
Q

What two conditions are considered autoimmune diseases

A

T1DM and Celiac disease

109
Q

What is glucosuria

A

High glucose in urine

110
Q

What is polyuria

A

Increase in urine

111
Q

What is polydipsia

A

Excessive thirst

112
Q

Why does someone with diabetes have frequent hunger

A

Cells aren’t getting enough glucose
Insulin is a satiety hormone, without it working properly it won’t help with satiety

113
Q

Glycemic index

A

Impact of 50g of a food on BG

114
Q

Glycemic load

A

Impact of a typical serving of a food on BG

115
Q

What happens in the cell when insulin resistance occurs

A

The signal to the GLUT 4 receptor doesn’t go through, so the cell doesn’t know glucose is waiting to enter

116
Q

T/F pancreas can wear out if DM is not managed

A

True

117
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis can only occur in what type of diabetes

A

T1DM

118
Q

What is the main fat in food

A

Triglycerides

119
Q

Arrival of fat causes release of what hormone

A

Cholecystokinin

120
Q

How can the microbiota affect bile acids

A

They can make them more hydrophilic

121
Q

What is the function of FA in the body

A

Source of energy
Insulation
Absorption and transport of fat soluble vitamins

122
Q

Where does beta oxidation take place?

A

Mitochondria

123
Q

What is the purpose of B.O

A

Breaks down 2 fatty acid carbons at a time to make acetyl CoA

124
Q

What helps to get FA into the mitochondria

A

Carnitine

125
Q

Why would CAC intermediates be removed from the CAC

A

To be used for other things

126
Q

What must be replenished to restart the CAC

A

Oxaloacetate

127
Q

What happens to lipid metabolism if we are low on carbs

A

Unable to replenish oxaloacetate to keep CAC running
Acetyl CoA molecules join with each other to form ketones
Excess protein is needed for gluconeogenesis

128
Q

T/F ketones can be turned back to acetyl CoA

A

True

129
Q

How much of each macronutrient is needed for the keto diet

A

Fat- 70%
Protein- 20%
Carbs- 5-10%

130
Q

What will happen to B.O if there’s no oxygen

A

B.O will stop
No anaerobic lipid metabolism

131
Q

When would lipid anabolism need to occur

A

Store extra glucose

132
Q

What will be pulled out from mitochondria for lipid anabolism

A

Acetyl CoA

133
Q

What eicosanoids does n-3 FA make

A

Anti inflammatory eicosanoids

134
Q

What eicosanoids does n-6 make

A

Pro inflammatory eicosanoids

135
Q

T/F excess n-3 FAs can interfere with blood clotting

A

True

Macro (5 decks)

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