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Macro > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three kinds of lipids

A

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Sterols

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2
Q

What lipid is mainly found in foods

A

Triglycerides

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3
Q

Lipids are hydrophobic or hydrophillic?

A

Hydrophobic

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4
Q

What end is the omega end

A

Methyl end

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5
Q

What end is the alpha end

A

Carboxylic end

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6
Q

What fatty acid is composed of only C-C single bonds

A

Saturated fats

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7
Q

What fatty acid is composed of ONE C-C double bond

A

Monounsaturated fats

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8
Q

What fatty acid is composed of 2+ C-C double bonds

A

Polyunsaturated fats

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9
Q

What fatty acid has a C-C double bond with the H on opposite sides

A

Trans fatty acids

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10
Q

What are good sources of Saturated fats

A

Red meat, full fat dairy, milk chocolate, baked goods, restaurant foods

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11
Q

What are good sources of Unsaturated fats

A

Eggs, fish, avocados, nuts, seeds, oils (except coconut and palm)

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12
Q

What are sources of naturally occurring trans fatty acids

A

Cow products (Milk, beef)

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12
Q

What are sources of phospholipids

A

Eggs, dairy, meats, soy, peanuts, food with emulsifiers, wheat germ.

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12
Q

What are sources of triglycerides?

A

Any fat-containing food

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12
Q

What are sources of essential fatty acids

A

Fish, seafood, nuts, seeds, plant oils, eggs

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12
Q

What are sources of cholesterol

A

Egg yolks, red meat, full fat dairy, no plant based

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13
Q

What is cholecystokinin

A

Hormone

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14
Q

In TG digestion the arrival of fat causes the release of

A

Cholecystokinin

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14
Q

In TG digestion CCK triggers the release of

A

Bile, Lipase, and colipase

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15
Q

What is the end result of TG digestion

A

Monoglycerides, free fatty acids, and glycerol
Absorbed in these forms

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16
Q

What molecules are made from cholesterol

A

Amphipathic molecules

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17
Q

What do amphipathic molecules facilitate

A

Facilitate the formation of micelles

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18
Q

How are fatty acids absorbed

A

Absorbed through passive diffusion

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19
Q

After passive diffusion occurs what do fatty acids do

A

Re-form TG from fatty acids and glycerol

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20
Q

What happens to the reformed TG from fatty acid absorption

A

Packaged into lipoproteins and enter lymph

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21
Q

Gut microbiota can make bile acids more

A

hydrophilic

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22
Q

Bile is a

A

emulsifier (not an enzyme)

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23
Q

What happens to bile after lipid digestion if you ate soluble fiber

A

The soluble fiber will bind to bile acids and pull them out of the body as feces

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24
Q

What happens to bile after lipid digestion if you did not eat soluble fiber

A

Bile acids will travel to the SI and LI where they will be altered structurally by the gut microbiota in ways that are more hydrophilic. They are then absorbed and sent back to the liver (enteropathic circulation) they will then be used at the next meal.

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25
Q

How does TG digestion start

A

Lipids melt upon reaching body temperature. Chewing begins the breakdown process. Lingual lipase facilitates TG lipolysis.

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26
Q

What happens in the stomach during TG digestion

A

Gastric lipase takes over (Lingual lipase deactivated) to break it down.

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27
Q

What happens in the SI during TG digestion

A

Pancreatic lipase finishes the process.

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28
Q

What must happen before pancreatic lipase can work?

A

Bile must emulsify the lipid droplets.

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29
Q

What is used during beta-oxidation

A

NAD+: Collects electrons removed during each reaction in BO
FAD: Collects electrons removed during each reaction in BO
ATP: Needed during the first step to activate the fatty acid

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29
Q

How does a fatty acid enter the mitochondria of a cell

A

By a transporter (carnitine). ATP is needed for this process.

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29
Q

How are Fatty acids used in the body

A

Source of energy, Energy storage (adipose tissue), Insulation, Cushioning, Absorption and transport of fat soluble vitamins

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29
Q

What is beta-oxidation

A

Breakdown of 2 carbons at a time to make acetyl CoA

29
Q

What is produced during Beta oxidation

A

NADH/FADH2: Carries electrons to ETC
Acetyl CoA: Enters into CAC

29
Q

Where do the electrons from the fatty acid during beta oxidation go?

A

Electrons are picked up by NAD+ and FAD and travel to the ETC where they are used for ATP production.

30
Q

Where does Beta Oxidation take place?

A

Mitochondria

30
Q

What is needed to restart the CAC

A

Oxaloacetate must be replenished.

30
Q

Why do intermediates sometimes get removed from the citric acid cycle?

A

Intermediates from the CAC are building blocks for other substances in the body. They are removed to build these substances.

30
Q

If we don’t have oxygen what happens to the process of beta oxidation?

A

The process will stop. There’s no anaerobic process for lipid metabolism.

30
Q

Lipolysis. Define and provide an example of when the body would use this.

A

Breaking down lipids
Ex: When the body needs to catabolize TG to fatty acids (digestion, Beta oxidation)

30
Q

If someone is on a low carb diet how does the body synthesize more glucose?

A

It synthesizes (gluconeogenesis) its own glucose from protein.

30
Q

What happens once the fatty acid is in the mitochondria

A

It is catabolized two carbons at a time, beginning with the alpha end (beta).

30
Q

What happens to the two-carbon compound that is cleaved off during beta oxidation?

A

It joins with coenzyme A to become acetyl CoA

30
Q

How many times is the cleavage reaction completed

A

It is completed until the entire fatty acid has been broken into multiple molecules of acetyl CoA.

30
Q

Why would someone on a keto diet need to consume more protein than normal

A

Some of their protein is being used for gluconeogenesis, so protein needs to increase for there to be enough for the other protein requiring processes

30
Q

If someones on a low carb diet what happens to acetyl CoA produced during beta oxidation?

A

Oxaloacetate can’t be regenerated without glucose. Multiple acetyl CoAs combine to form ketones to keep the cycle going

30
Q

What two fatty acids can’t be synthesized in the body

A

Alpha linolenic acid (3)
Linoleic acid (6)

30
Q

What percentage of each food group makes up the ketone diet

A

70% fat, 20% protein, 5-10% carbs

30
Q

Lipogenesis. Define and provide an example of when the body would use this.

A

Synthesis of lipid (Building lipids)
Ex: Storage of glucose, Synthesis of fatty acids and TG from metabolic intermediates when they are present in excess.

30
Q

What is Alpha linolenic acid needed for

A

To make docosahexaenoic acid for eyes and nervous system

31
Q

What is linoleic acid needed for?

A

To make arachidonic acid for membranes and nervous system

31
Q

is ALA pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory

A

Anti inflammatory

32
Q

Is linoleic acid pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory?

A

Pro-inflammatory.

33
Q

What is an eicosanoid

A

A signaling molecule that primarily functions in the immune system to regulate inflammation.

34
Q

Is most cholesterol in the body endogenous or exogenous

A

Endogenous. The body can synthesize it.

35
Q

What is the site of cholesterol synthesis

A

The liver

36
Q

What is the difference between endogenous and exogenous cholesterol?

A

Nothing- They are identical structurally and functionally

37
Q

What is cholesterol used for in the body

A

Synthesis of hormones, bile, Vitamin D, and cell membranes

38
Q

Can cholesterol be beta oxidized

A

No since it doesn’t provide any energy to use.

39
Q

What is the structure of a lipoprotein

A

Particles synthesized from phospholipids. Apoproteins are embedded in the monolayer. In the inner core are TG, fatty acids, and fat soluble vitamins.

40
Q

What are health concerns of lipid intake?

A

Fat free foods are usually high in added sugar.
Too much total fat intake.

41
Q

Increases in dietary cholesterol decrease.

A

Endogenous cholesterol.

42
Q

What is a lipoprotein

A

Lipid transport vehicle

43
Q

The lipid port of a lipoprotein is…

A

Less dense

44
Q

The protein part of a lipoprotein is….

A

more dense

45
Q

Low density has more or less lipids

A

More lipids

46
Q

What is the role of apoproteins?

A

They allow lipoproteins to interact with cells to allow for lipid transfer.

47
Q

Where does a chylomicron originate

A

Small intestine

48
Q

Where does a chylomicron go?

A

Lymph, then blood, then back to liver

49
Q

Main apoproteins for chylomicrons

A

ApoC2, APoB48

50
Q

What lipids are mainly in the core of chylomicrons

A

Triglycerides.

51
Q

Where does VLDL originate

A

Liver

52
Q

Where does VLDL go?

A

Blood

53
Q

Main apoproteins in VLDL

A

ApoC2 and ApoB100

54
Q

What lipids are mainly in the core of VLDL

A

Endogenous TG (mostly) and cholesterol

55
Q

Where does LDL originate

A

Liver, as VLDL

56
Q

Where does LDL go?

A

Blood, then into cells or back to liver

57
Q

Main apoproteins in LDL

A

ApoB100 (for uptake into cells or liver)

58
Q

What lipids are mainly in the core of LDL

A

Mostly cholesterol

59
Q

Where does HDL originate

A

Liver and SI as empty particles

60
Q

Where does HDL go?

A

Blood, picks up extra cholesterol, then back to liver

61
Q

Main apoproteins of HDL

A

ApoA1 (to facilitate lipid uptake)

62
Q

What lipids are mainly in the core of HDL

A

Mostly cholesterol

63
Q

How are LDL particles supposed to be removed from blood

A

They bind to the LDL receptor and then are taken into the cell via endocytosis with the help of ApoB100

64
Q

Why might someone with a lot of smaller LDL particles have trouble removing these from the blood

A

There’s only so many LDLRs in the body, if there’s more smaller LDL particles there won’t be enough room for LDL to bind to LDLR so most will just stay in the blood.
Small, dense LDLs are less stable particles and are susceptible to being damaged or modified.

65
Q

Pattern A lipoproteins are…

A

Large, buoyant, and ideal for health

66
Q

Pattern B lipoproteins are

A

small and dense

67
Q

What is considered ideal for LDL and HDL

A

LDL- less than 100
HDL- More than 50.

Macro (4 decks)

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