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Macro > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main sources of carbs?

A

Plant foods and mammary glands.

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2
Q

Simple carbs

A

Easy to breakdown

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3
Q

Complex carbs

A

Harder to breakdown

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4
Q

What does the difference in orientation between the mono and polysaccharides do in the body

A

The monosaccharides have a main difference in orientation which affects the taste and how the body uses it.

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5
Q

Where is lactose found?

A

Mainly in mammary glands

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5
Q

Disaccharides

A

Monosaccharides Joined by a condensation reaction (generate a molecule of water)

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6
Q

Where is Maltose found?

A

Seeds, grains, fermented products

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7
Q

Where is sucrose found?

A

In fruits and anything sweet

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8
Q

Where are oligosaccharides found?

A

Onions, broccoli, whole wheat, and legumes

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9
Q

What enzymes do we lack for digestion?

A

Oligosaccharide enzymes

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10
Q

What happens to food that can’t be digested?

A

It gets turned to food for microbiota

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11
Q

T/F Indigestible food is a source of energy

A

False.

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12
Q

What diet should someone with IBS follow?

A

FODMAPS

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13
Q

What are the steps for implementing a low FODMAP diet

A

For 2-6 weeks swap high FODMAP foods for low FODMAP alternatives.
Over 8-12 weeks reintroduce one FODMAP food at a time over 3 days. Increase serving size each day and monitor tolerance.
If any symptoms don’t eat, no symptoms it’s okay to eat.

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14
Q

What type of carbs are Polysaccharides

A

Complex carbs

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15
Q

What’s the ratio of amylose: amylopectin in starches

A

1:4

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16
Q

Where is glycogen found?

A

Only found in the body, no foods.

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17
Q

T/F resistant starches are non-digestible.

A

True

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18
Q

T/F glycogen is the storage form of glucose in the body

A

True

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19
Q

What is Fiber

A

Non digestible polysaccharides

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20
Q

Why does amylopectin break down easier than amylose?

A

Amylopectin breaks down easier than amylose since the enzymes can attack at all ends.

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21
Q

What are the only enzymes that come from the intestine?

A

Brush Border Enzymes

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22
Q

What causes lactose intolerance?

A

Lack of lactose enzymes

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23
Q

How is fructose absorbed? Does this require ATP?

A

Facilitated diffusion and it does require ATP

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24
Q

How are glucose and galactose absorbed?

A

Through secondary active transport by symport

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25
Q

What is glucagon?

A

Hormone released to increase blood sugar

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26
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

In the cytoplasm

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27
Q

What does glycolysis do?

A

Conversion of glucose to pyruvate

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28
Q

What is the transition reaction?

A

The conversion of glucose to pyruvate

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29
Q

T/F the transition reaction is irreversible?

A

True

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30
Q

What happens if pyruvate dehydrogenase is not functioning properly?

A

not as much acetyl-CoA from carbs will be produced

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31
Q

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis?

A

Works same as aerobic glycolysis but pyruvate gets turned into lactate due to an abundance of pyruvate.
Doesn’t require oxygen, aerobic requires oxygen

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32
Q

True or False: anaerobic glycolysis is a feature that can work as long as it needs to.

A

False. Too much lactate will be produced causing a lower pH.

33
Q

What cells always use the Cori cycle

A

Red Blood Cells

34
Q

T/F the cori cycle requires ATP

A

True

35
Q

What are the insoluble fibers?

A

Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Lignin

36
Q

What are the soluble fibers

A

Pectin, gum, Mucilage

37
Q

What fiber is only found on food labels

A

Dietary fiber

38
Q

What is dietary fiber?

A

Naturally occuring fiber.

39
Q

What is functional fiber?

A

Fiber that’s added to food.

40
Q

How do you find total fiber?

A

dietary fiber + functional fiber

41
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Storage form of glucose; only found in the body.

42
Q

Why does amylopectin break down easier than amylose

A

Amylopectin is branched so the enzymes can attack at all ends.

43
Q

What causes lactose intolerance?

A

Lack of lactase enzyme. These people should Try soy products since soy is the closest alternative to regular milk

44
Q

How is fructose absorbed?

A

facilitated diffusion

45
Q

How are glucose and galactose absorbed?

A

secondary active transport (symporter)

46
Q

What is the transition reaction

A

Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

47
Q

What happens if pyruvate dehydrogenase is not functioning normally?

A

Not as much acetyl CoA from carbs can be produced.

48
Q

What are health benefits of soluble fiber

A

Satiety, delayed gastric emptying, blood sugar control, Maintain blood cholesterol, food for gut microbiota.

49
Q

T/F insoluble fibers have kcal

A

False.

50
Q

What are health benefits of insoluble fiber?

A

Waste elimination, Lowers risk of colon cancer, Lowers risk of diverticular disease

51
Q

Whats the RDA for carbs?

A

130g/day minimum

52
Q

T/F >10% of kcal from carbs should come from added sugars

A

True

53
Q

What does insulin do in the body?

A

Increases glucose uptake and suppresses glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis and fat catabolism.

54
Q

What does glucagon do in the body?

A

Increases glycogen breakdown, triggers release of glucose and increases gluconeogenesis/glycogenolysis and fat catabolism

55
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Storage form of glucose

56
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

Creation of glucose

57
Q

Why isn’t the HbA1C test accurate for blood sugar tests?

A

Measures the average amount of glucose in the blood over time, doesn’t tell anything about blood sugar control

58
Q

What happens during pre-diabetes?

A

Start to lose blood sugar regulation

59
Q

What causes T1DM

A

Antibodies attack insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas instead of attacking harmful pathogens

60
Q

What are some symptoms found in T1DM?

A

Glucosuria, Polyuria, Polydipsia, Dehydration, Frequent hunger, Unexplained weight loss, Lethargy, and blurred vision.

61
Q

Glucosuria

A

High glucose in urine

62
Q

Polyuria

A

Increase in urine

63
Q

Polydipsia

A

Excessive thirst

64
Q

Why would someone with T1DM experience frequent hunger?

A

The cells aren’t getting enough glucose and insulin is also a satiety hormone.

65
Q

Why would someone with T1DM experience exhaustion and unexplained weight loss?

A

The protein and fat will be used for ATP instead of carbs.

66
Q

Why would someone with T1DM experience blurred vision?

A

Glucose starts to accumulate in eyes eventually blocking sight.

67
Q

How should someone with T1DM manage their blood sugar levels?

A

Insulin therapy and glucose monitoring, consistent carb diet, alternative sweeteners, and physical activity.

68
Q

Why can’t insulin be taken orally?

A

It would get digested before it would get to the bloodstream.

69
Q

Glycemic index

A

Impact of 50g of a food on blood glucose

70
Q

Glycemic load

A

Impact of a typical serving of a food on blood glucose.

71
Q

What happens to the insulin in T2DM?

A

The insulin signal is not able to get through to the cell. GLUT4 that transports glucose doesn’t know that glucose is waiting and doesn’t get it. This is known as insulin resistance.

72
Q

What causes T2DM?

A

Excess lipids, oxidative stress, and inflammation.

73
Q

How is T2DM managed?

A

Medication, Consistent carb diet, alternative sweeteners, limit fats and added sugars, physical activity, and in some cases reduction in body fat. May need insulin therapy.

74
Q

What is diabetic ketoacidosis?

A

Caused by a lack of insulin which causes glucose to not be processed in the body. The liver mistakenly starts to produce more glucose due to entering starvation mode, which ends up accumulating in the bloodstream. The body starts to break down fat as an alternative source of energy which increases acetyl CoA. The excess acetyl CoA forms ketones which are very acidic and causes a drop in blood pH.

75
Q

Conversion of glucose to pyruvate

A

glycolysis

76
Q

Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

A

Transition Reaction

77
Q

Conversion of pyruvate to lactate

A

anaerobic glycolysis/ first half of cori cycle

78
Q

Glycogen synthesis

A

glycogenesis

79
Q

Glycogen catabolism

A

Glycogenolysis

80
Q

Synthesis of glucose from amino acids

A

gluconeogenesis

Macro (4 decks)

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