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Final Flashcards

1
Q

health behavior is

A

any activity people perform to maintain or improve their health, regardless of their perceived health status

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2
Q

well behavior is

A

any activity people undertake to maintain or improve current good health and avoid illness. (checkups, getting vaccinations)

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3
Q

symptom-based behavior

A

is any activity people who are ill undertake to determine the problem and find a remedy (seeking advice from relatives or medical professionals).

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4
Q

sick-role behavior

A

refers to any activity people undertake to treat or adjust to a health problem after deciding that they are ill and what the illness is. (staying home from work)

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5
Q

Which type of health promotion programs are most effective in schools?

A

the programs that involve the children’s family and community over a long period

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6
Q

Pros in health promotion programs in school

A

they have access to virtually all children during the years that are the most critical time in the development of health-related behaviors.

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7
Q

Pros in health promotion programs in religious organizations

A

they can reach many minority and immigrant adults who are at high risk of serious illnesses

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8
Q

Health promotion programs at work (work wellness programs) include

A

fitness or diet challenges that have financial incentives

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9
Q

Why are wellness programs important to businesses

A

American workers with poor health habits cost employers substantially more in health benefits

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10
Q

problems promoting wellness

A
  1. healthy behaviors can be unappealing
  2. interpersonal factors- family/environment
  3. community factors-insufficient funding
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11
Q

Which is an important factor in determining whether a person will adopt a wellness lifestyle?

A
  1. encouraging few barriers to changing behaviors
  2. motivation to engage in the new behaviors
  3. knowledge and skills to change an existing behavior
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12
Q

Live for life

A

is a program that is designed to improve employees’ health knowledge, stress management, and efforts to exercise, stop smoking, and control weight.

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13
Q

For each participating employee, live for life provides

A

a health screen, showing a detailed assessment of the persons current health

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14
Q

community wellness programs

A

can address a variety of health issues such as exercise programs or preventative behavior, like drinking and driving

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15
Q

What represents a benefit of school health programs?

A

They help children establish healthy behaviors early.

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16
Q

Are we always able to maintain a healthy behavior, especially on the first try

A

No, however abstinence violation is not a reason to give up.

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17
Q

Hebb’s Axiom

A

neurons that fire together, wire together

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18
Q

Why may people find it hard to maintain healthy behaviors

A

-people relapse (on any behavior)
-change is messy and hard
-abstinence violation

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19
Q

abstinence violation

A

when people violate habits in a small way, they will just give up when the habit is not done perfectly (wrong way to maintain healthy behaviors)

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20
Q

efforts to reduce HIV infection

A
  1. safer-sex practices
  2. people should avoid having sex outside of long-term monogamous relationships
  3. get tested regularly
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21
Q

Factors contributing to unsafe behaviors that can lead to HIV and AIDS

A
  1. promiscuity
  2. intoxication (drugs or alcohol)
  3. youth are much more likely to engage in risky sex if their parents reject their sexuality
  4. LGB teens are more likely to abuse alcohol and engage in risky sex
  5. unmarried partners are less likely to use condoms if they perceive their relationship to be close
  6. social pressures (women may be embarrassed to buy condoms)
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22
Q

HIV prevention efforts

A
  1. education
  2. enhance interpersonal skills when engaging in sex
  3. training for specific skills
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23
Q

Safer Sex study

A

a study done between two groups. Both groups attended an AIDS education session, however one group were also taught self-efficacy regarding talking to potential partners about condom use. The intervention did significantly better in practicing safer sex for up to a year later compared to the control group. (control group also improved from their own results)

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24
Q

Adolescence is sometimes a difficult time for health because adolescent ____ ____ behavior increases

A

risk taking

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25
Q

addiction

A

condition occurs after repeated consumption of a substance

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26
Q

physical dependence

A

the body has incorporated substance into normal functioning (heroin, alcohol), when you need it to feel ok

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27
Q

tolerance

A

occurs as body adapts to substance

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28
Q

withdrawal

A

physical and physiological symptoms that occur when substance when stops or decreases
psychological dependences,dependence on the effect (weed)

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29
Q

substance use disorder and some criteria

A

must impair functioning:
1. increasing tolerance
2. wanting to cut down on use
3. failing to meet obligations
4. putting yourself and others at risk
5. substance related legal difficulties
6. withdrawal symptoms

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30
Q

levels of substance use disorder

A

mild: your symptoms match 2 or 3 of the criteria
moderate: symptoms match 4 or 5
severe: symptoms match 6 or more

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31
Q

Howard has developed a physical dependence on nicotine, which means

A

his body requires it for “normal” functioning and he’ll most likely experience withdrawal symptoms if he tries to quit smoking

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32
Q

Dependence-positive reinforcement

A

people feel rewarded when using the substance (feeling “buzzed”)

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33
Q

Dependence- negative reinforcement

A

removing an aversive feeling (stress is removed when drinking)

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34
Q

Classical conditioning

A

a conditioned stimulus (the smell of cigarette smoke) comes to elicit a response through association with an unconditioned stimulus (the substances effect, the “buzz” feeling)

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35
Q

classical conditioning is a

A

substance-related cue

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36
Q

examples of classical conditioning

A

seeing everyone at a party having a good time:
1. increases cravings (party associated with drinking)
2. activate neural pathways associated with behavior (activated a desire to drink)
3. (people having fun drinking= you will have fun drinking)

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37
Q

Steve grew up seeing his parents have fun at parties that included large amounts of alcohol. According the expectancy theory, Steve is likely to develop ___ attitudes toward alcohol via _____

A

positive; classical conditioning

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38
Q

Incentive Sensitization

A

dopamine increases when a person comes into contact with salient reminders of the substance, which compels the person to use more

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39
Q

Addiction and genetics

A

MZ’s are more likely to share an addiction compared to DZ’s

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40
Q

Tobacco was originally

A

thought to have medicinal properties

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41
Q

tobacco is the #1

A

controllable cause of death in the US

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42
Q

Why is smoking still legal?

A

Because it makes money

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43
Q

Who smokes?

A

-Less than 15% of the US population smokes
-most smokers develop habit in teens
-non-college attendees are more likely

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44
Q

Why do people smoke?

A

-low self-esteem
-weight gain
-perceiving low risk with high benefit associated with starting

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45
Q

In which ways has smoking been targeted to women?

A

-hunger suppressant
-high prestige models smoke

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46
Q

Factors in becoming a regular smoker

A
  1. at least one parent smokes
  2. percieved parental indifference
  3. friends/siblings who smoke
  4. thrill-seeking personality
  5. positive attitudes toward smoking
  6. belief that they can quit at will
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47
Q

Why would people smoke?

A

-teens who usually start (and have a positive interaction with it)

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48
Q

normative social influence

A

-peers and/or family
-high prestige models

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49
Q

Informational social influence

A

-knowing every consequence, so you do not partake in bad habits, like smoking

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50
Q

Tobacco smoke is

A

the only thing where nicotine naturally occurs

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51
Q

Niccotine is

A

-the addictive chemical in tobacco
-quickly travels to the brain
-increases alertness, heart rate, bp

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52
Q

Nicotine regulation model

A

A study which tested the idea that smokers will continue to smoke to maintain nicotine levels. Smokers who were given cigarettes with less nicotine, smoked a higher volume of cigarettes in order to maintain the normal level of nicotine they usually get.

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53
Q

How long does it take for nicotine to leave the system

A

half of the nicotine will be out of your system in two hours from time of use

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54
Q

Researchers have found that when habitual smokers are provided with low-nicotine cigarettes they:

A

smoke more to maintain their nicotine intake

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55
Q

smoking decreases

A

life expectancy and quality of life in older age

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56
Q

What is the worst single health behavior

A

smoking

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57
Q

Both ____ and ____ damage lungs

A

tobacco and marijuana

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58
Q

Compare the health overall between people who never smoked regularly and former smokers who stopped BEFORE 35

A

virtually the same, showing if you stop smoking tobacco or marijuana before the age of 35, you can continue to have good health

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59
Q

How does smoking affect the chances of lung cancer and heart disease

A

increases the chances of both

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60
Q

what are the substances identified in nicotine

A

nitrosamines- highly carcinogenic
PAH’s- linked to cancers of lung, mouth, esophagus, bladder, and kidney

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61
Q

Temperance movement

A

people realized the negative effects alcohol had on peoples behaviors in the 18th century, resulted in prohibition

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62
Q

Why was the 18th amendment repealed

A

Great Depression

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63
Q

Frugality by-hypothesis

A

evolutionary hypothesis that helps us understand why people enjoy drinking; primates would get “drunk” when consuming fermented fruit

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64
Q

The movement in America which advocated total abstinence from alcohol was called

A

temperance

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65
Q

Binge drinking is

A

5 or more drinks for men
4 or more drinks for women

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66
Q

Adolescent drinkers

A

are more likely to become heavy drinkers as they age

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67
Q

Alcohol use disorder’s criteria

A

1.drink heavily on regular basis
2. social/occupational impairment
3. frequently drunk
4. drink alone
5. drive under the influence

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68
Q

Why do people abuse alcohol?

A
  1. Social/cultural reasons
  2. Modeling after someone they admire
  3. Normative social influence
  4. Adolescent depression
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69
Q

Alcohol use and college intentions

A

Adolescents with no intention of attending a 4-year college abuse alcohol more and often than those who plan on attending a 4-year

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70
Q

positive reinforcement (alcohol)

A

liking the taste of a cocktail, or the feeling

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71
Q

negative reinforcement (alcohol)

A

drinking takes away stress

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72
Q

heavy drinkers show these characteristics (5) in general

A

-perceive fewer negative consequences
-experience higher levels of stress
-live in environments that encourage
-heredity and family history
-craving more after 1 drink

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73
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome involves

A

impaired nervous system development, and cognitive and physical defects

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74
Q

Jim has had 5 glasses of beer and decides he needs to drive to the grocery store. He says that he always sobers up as soon as he gets behind the wheel. He is _____ the effects of alcohol on his ability to drive

A

under-estimating

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75
Q

Liver cells

A

can repair completely in 30 days

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76
Q

Alcohol can cause long term damage such as:

A

-decreased liver function
-cirrhosis
-heart and brain damage

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77
Q

Moderate drinkers have

A

lower morbidity/mortality than heavy or non-drinkers (matter of debate)

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78
Q

Stimulants

A

caffeine, meth, cocaine

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79
Q

depressants

A

benzos, barbiturates

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80
Q

hallucinogens

A

LSD, mushrooms

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81
Q

narcotics

A

opiates, morphine, fentanyl

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82
Q

Perhaps the most important medical benefit of a more patient-centered approach is

A

greater amounts of diagnostic information

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83
Q

Affective neutrality

A

cold, indifferent attitudes of doctors

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84
Q

healthcare utilization between different demographics

A

women want more medical information than men, and white people want more medical information than black and hispanic people

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85
Q

Doctor-centered style

A

just asking “yes” or “no” questions, rely on just medical jargon that patients may not be familiar with

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86
Q

patient-centered style

A

tend to ask more and open ended questions, result in more diagnostic information (good thing)

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87
Q

Patient behavior that is upsetting to doctors

A
  1. not following prescribed treatment
  2. waiting too long to seek treatment
  3. insisting on unnecessary tests
  4. making sexual advances
  5. asking doctor to certify an untrue disability
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88
Q

Adherence vs compliance

A

adherence and compliance are terms associated with doing recommended behaviors. Adherence is the preferred term, compliance is a neg. connotation and suggests “following orders”

89
Q

Nonadherence problems

A

-acute needs= 67% do not take prescribed medications
-chronic needs= 50%
-Adherence higher on days before going to doctor
-Very low adherence to lifestyle changes

90
Q

Why do patients adhere

A

hebbs axiom can help with lifestyle changes
-People more frequently adhere to medicine regimens

91
Q

Why do patients not adhere

A

-treatment complexity
-ex: The more pills, vitamins required, the less chance they will have a willingness to change

92
Q

Age, gender, sociocultural differences in medical adherence

A

Little evidence that adherence is associated with demographics

93
Q

Special examples in adherence differences

A

-adherence is more difficult for childhood cancer patients because they are dependent on their parents
- adolescent diabetes are less compliant to diet restrictions because they do not want to be socially different
-women are less likely to use some medications if it lead to weight gain

94
Q

Rational nonadherence

A

good reasons not to adhere or take advice from their doctors

95
Q

examples of rational nonadherence

A
  1. feeling the medicine isnt working/helping
  2. side effects are very unpleasant
  3. confused over when and how much medicine to take
  4. lack of money (cannot pay for prescriptions)
96
Q

most common reason for not taking medicine

A

forgetting

97
Q

To increase chances of patients adhering, doctors can:

A
  1. have a “patient-centered” style
  2. have cultural sensitivity and competence
98
Q

Cultural competence: Hmong

A

The Hmong believe each person has 12 souls, and a soul is stolen results in illness. Hmong ceremony

99
Q

Increasing patient adherence: behavioral methods

A
  1. motivational interviewing
  2. recruiting social support
  3. tailor treatment regimens to make compatible with existing lifestyle
  4. make a treatment contract
  5. provide reminders
100
Q

Prevention

A
101
Q

psychological prep for surgery

A
  1. informational control- learning about procedure
  2. cognitive control-recognizing signs of anxiety
102
Q

children in the hospital can suffer from

A

seperation distress

103
Q

separation distress

A

occurs in very young children (around 15 months) when primary guardian is not present

104
Q

how do hospitals help children cope

A

-puppets
-video presentations (ethan video-study)
-tours around hospital

105
Q

why might children experience distress?

A

-seperation distress
-children with avoidant coping strategies
-prior negative experiences

106
Q

what can help children in distress?

A

information presented shortly before procedure, and keeping the information light and easy to understand

107
Q

What kind of ailments can patients have where health psychologists in the room help

A

-alcoholism (damage to liver)
-intense anger issues (cardiac problems)
-some patients have psychosocial problems resulting from illness (depression, anxiety)

108
Q

Millon Behavioral Medicine Diagnostic

A

assesses psychosocial factors related to health such as

109
Q

terminal illness is when doctors focus treatment on

A

palliative treatment- aim to provide comfort to a dying person

110
Q

adaptive value of pain

A

helps us respond to survive

111
Q

pain definition

A
112
Q

organic pain

A

pain linked to tissue damage

113
Q

psychogenic pain

A

many pains= failure to find an organic cause

114
Q

discomfort caused by tissue damage is referred to as

A

organic pain

115
Q

acute pain

A

temporary painful conditions lasting less than 3 months

116
Q

chronic pain

A

ongoing over three months

117
Q

chronic pain (psychological effects)

A

psychologically damaging, anxiety, hopelessness

118
Q

how do pain and sleep interact

A

pain is associated with poor sleep

119
Q

chronic recurrent pain

A

benign causes, recurring, intense periods of pain separated by pain free periods

120
Q

chronic-intractable benign pain

A

persistent discomfort not related to a malignant condition

121
Q

chronic-progressive pain

A

worsens over time as underlying cause worsens

122
Q

nocicepeptors

A

afferent nerve endings send pain messages to brain

123
Q

A-delta fibers

A

transmit pain feelings quickly

124
Q

C-fibers

A

slower, associated with transmission of dull pain signals

125
Q

A-beta fibers

A

touch fibers

126
Q

C fibers are involved in

A

dull pain sensations

127
Q

reffered pain

A

pain is originates in internal organs often manifest in other structures

128
Q

neuralgia

A

shooting, stabbing pains along a nerve pathway (ex. shingles)

129
Q

causalgia

A

recurrent severe pain often in areas of prior injuries (ex. a shoot wound)

130
Q

phantom limb pain

A

amputees often report pain/sensation in limbs present

131
Q

specificity theory

A

suggests pain has own area in brain, separate paths and nerves (not true)

132
Q

pattern theory

A

pain perception shares same systems but different patterns of neural activity and different magnitudes of arousal influence pain. (not widely accepted)

133
Q

Gate control theory of pain

A

neural gates open and close in varying degrees, these gates mediate pain signals sent to the brain, activity in pain fibers open gates, activity in peripheral fibers can inhibit gate openings

134
Q

gate control theory explains

A

-why distraction can lessen pain
-positive emotions tend to close of limit pain gates
-stress/anxiety can open the gate, increasing pain

135
Q

stimulation produced analgesia (SPA)

A

is a process where pain relief is achieved by applying electrical or other types of stimulation to certain areas of the brain, spinal cord, or nerves.

136
Q

evidence for gate control theory of pain

A

-periaqueductal gray area: around the cerebral duct. when it is stimulated, it blocks pain signal
-stimulation to this brain region blocks pain signals

137
Q

conditions that “open gates”

A

-extent of the injury
-overexertion
-anxiety/worry
-tension
-depression
-focusing on the pain
-boredom

138
Q

conditions that “close gates”

A

-medication
-counterstimulation
-positive emotions
-resting/relaxing
-concentrating on something other than pain
-distraction

139
Q

pain behaviors

A
  1. facial or audible expression (ouch)
  2. dis (walking around w a limp
    3.nega affect (hostile, anxiety
  3. activity avoidance (no wantin to ride a bike
140
Q

social processes and pain in children

A

pain beha can be a bad strategy for parenting, distracting children from pain decreases pain behavior. overly protective parents often results in mire disabled be. by children

141
Q

pain differs between sexes

A

women tend to have more headaches and low back pain

142
Q

2 types of coping strategies for dealing wih pain

A

over beh stra
covert

143
Q

overt behavioral strategies

A

rest, taking medications

144
Q

covert beh. strategies

A

hoping and/or praying or diverting attention

145
Q

changes in causes of death since the 1960’s

A

COPD increased greatly in the late 60’s due to smoking

146
Q

primary prevention

A

consists of actions taken to avoid disease or injury, can be directed toward almost any health behavior

147
Q

a local physician encourages his patients to eat an appropriate diet, exercise, not smoke, use seat bels, and get plenty of sleep. This doctor is encouraging

A

secondary prevention

148
Q

tertiary prevention

A

involves actions to contain this damage, prevent disabiliy, and rehabilitate the patient

149
Q

secondary prevention

A

actions taken to identify and treat an illness or injury early with the aim of stopping or reversing the problem. Include symptom-based behavior

150
Q

hypertension

A

when someone has high blood pressure consistently over a period of several weeks or more.

151
Q

health belief model

A

the likelihood that a person will take preventative action depends directly on the outcome of perceived seriousness, perceived susceptibility, and cues to action that they make AND the pros and cons of a health behavior

152
Q

perceived seriousness

A

people consider how severe the problem can be if it is left untreated

153
Q

perceived susceptibility

A

people evaluate the likelihood of their developing the problem

154
Q

cues to action

A

being reminded or alerted about a potential health problem increases the likelihood of perceiving a threat (seeing a billboard)

155
Q

theory of planned behavior

A

people decide their intention in advance of most voluntary behaviors, and intentions are best predictors of what someone will do (asking an overweight friend if they plan on ordering dessert)

156
Q

stages of change model

A

5 stages of change starting with precontemplation (i’m fine), contemplation (aware of the problem), preparation to change (planning), action (just doing it), maintenance (working to maintain change)

157
Q

people develop expectancies

A

or ideas about the outcomes of a behavior from their own experiences or watching other people. Ex: children develop a positive expectancy of alcohol through family or movies

158
Q

extinction

A

if the consequences that maintain a behavior are eliminated, the response tendency gradually weakens.

159
Q

relapse

A

falling back to ones original patterns of the undesired behavior

160
Q

passive smoking

A

secondhand smoking

161
Q

dangerous substances in cigarette smoke

A

nicotine

162
Q

public policy strategies for addressing drugs, alcohol, and smoking

A
  1. drug use: outlaw possessing, selling, and consuming drugs
  2. alcohol: increasing prices of alcohol and prohibiting underage people to buy it
  3. smoking: raising price and TV ads
163
Q

response substitution in relation to changing substance related behaviors

A

competing response substitutions- rewarding a behavior that substituted the habit

164
Q

5 components of food

A

1.carbohydrates
2. lipids (fats)
3. proteins
4. vitamins
5. minerals

165
Q

fiber

A

needed in the process of digestion, can get it from grains

166
Q

impact and those likely impacted by food additives

A

some additives may be carcinogenic, children may be vulnerable to the effects of additives because their body systems are still forming and maturing rapidly

167
Q

what is the brain region associated with feelings of hunger and satiation

A

hypothalamus monitors the blood for levels of specific hormones: ghrelin, leptin, and insulin

168
Q

Grehlin

A

is secreted and carried in the blood to the hypothalumus when energy intake is low or the stomach is empty; When ghrelin is secreted, we feel hungry and crave food.

169
Q

leptin

A

regulates circuits in the hypothalumus that stimulate and inhibit eating and metabolism; When leptin levels are high, we feel less hungry and more satisfied.

170
Q

insulin

A

is produced by the pancreas and has a similar, smaller effect on the hypothalamus, but it also regulates the amount of sugar in the blood, the conversion of glucose to fat, and the storage of fat in adipose tissue.

171
Q

obese people have high levels of

A

insulin

172
Q

hyperinsulinemia

A

can increase ones sensation of hunger, perceived pleasantness of sweet tastes and food consumption

173
Q

caloric intake and aging

A

reducing caloric intake can slow the aging process

174
Q

body mass index- overweight

A

over 25

175
Q

body mass index- obese

A

over 30

176
Q

set point theory

A

proposes that each person has a “set” physiologically based weight level that the body strives to maintain

177
Q

high conscientiousness is linked to

A

better fitness, healthier food choices, adherence, self-report health

178
Q

unrealistic optimism

A

belief that you are less likely than similar others to vulnerability to a variety illnesses

179
Q

subjective norms

A

their beliefs about how people care about will view the behavior in question

180
Q

perceived behavioral control

A

how confident you feel that you can actually do something successfully, based on your resources, skills, and the situation.

181
Q

the theory of planned behavior suggests that which of the following is most important when predicting whether a health behavior will be engaged in?

A

intentions

182
Q

benefits of breast milk

A

antibodies and white blood cells are passed down from the mother

183
Q

which of the following has been referred to as “natures vaccine”?

A

breast milk

184
Q

teratogens

A

harmful agents through:
1. maternal infections
2. radiation
3. chemicals and drugs

185
Q

hospitals are

A

the most complex medical facilities

186
Q

hospitals offer

A

emergency and ongoing care

187
Q

most people are covered by insurance through

A

-employer offered coverage
-medicare-covers the elederly
-medicaid- covers the very low income

188
Q

how many people are not covered by insurance

A

40-50 million

189
Q

how does being hospitalized add negative aspects to a persons sick-role behavior

A

-limits privacy
-restricts the individuals activity
-requires a high degree of dependency on others
-presents events that can be very distressing

190
Q

health maintenance org (HMO)

A

can use network providers

191
Q

preferred provider organizations (PPO)

A

generally can go to specialists without additional referrals

192
Q

fee for service coverage

A

physicians often limited in amount they can collect

193
Q

managed care

A

restrictions placed on members options for services, 85% of people in managed care

194
Q

universal healthcare pros and cons

A

far less expensive than American care, tradeoffs: lower costs, but often waits for diagnostic tests and specialists

195
Q

perceiving symptoms

A

-people are generally not good at estimating basic physiological processes
-symptoms can go unnoticed
-people vary in how much pain they will tolerate

196
Q

psychosocial influences

A

perceptions of body sensations influenced by:
-cognitive processes- placebos
-social processes- how other people perceive symptoms
-emotional processes- empathic reactions

197
Q

medical student disease and mass psychogenic symptoms are an example of

A

all three cognitive, social, and emotional processes

198
Q

medical student disease is

A

as med students learn about illnesses, 2/3rds incorrectly believe they have that illness

199
Q

mass psychogenic illness

A

involves a widespread symptom perception across individuals who has no illness

200
Q

Why do placebos sometimes “work”?

A

-credibility of care provider
-people have an expectation of feeling better
-the stronger the expectation-the stronger the effect can be
-some people produce endorphins in response to placebos allowing them to feel better

201
Q

gender/sociocultural differences in perceiving symptoms

A

-women generally experience pain at lower intensities
-asian culture of somaticize (turning mental distress into physical distress)
-black people in the us often wait longer to get treatment for heart attacks

202
Q

commonsense models for response

A
  1. people not good at interpreting symptoms
  2. illness identity-name and symptoms
  3. causes and underlying pathologies
  4. consequences- likely seriousness
203
Q

lay referral network

A

lay people make assessments based on prior experiences
-give advice base off of anecdotes
-recommend a remedy
-recommend another lay person for advice

204
Q

iatrogenic conditions

A

health problems result from treatments based on medical errors

205
Q

founder of iatrogenic conditions

A

Ignaz Semmelweis- 10-35% women died in childbirth due to poor sanitation

206
Q

social and emotional factos of misusing health care services

A

depressed people often delay treatment seeking
-people highly fearful of symtoms seek treatment quickly

207
Q

treatment delay is

A

time between symptom noticed and treatment sought

208
Q

3 stages of treatment delay

A

appraisal delay-recognizing symptom as illness
-illness delay-time between recognizing illness and decision to seek treatment
-utilization delay- time between deciding to seek treatment and actually going

209
Q

hypochondriasis

A

some people worry excessively for 6 or more months and causing emotional distress

210
Q

complimentary medicine

A

if used with conventional medicine

211
Q

alternative medicine

A

if used instead of conventional medicine

212
Q

alternative methods of healing

A
  1. manipulation- chirpractic
  2. natural products- herbal and dietary supplements
  3. mind-body approached- yoga
  4. energy fields- psuedoscience
213
Q

who uses health services: sociocultural

A

higher income: more likely to fill prescriptions
lower income: more likely to use outpatient clinics and ERs

214
Q

board of trustees

A

“vision”

215
Q

administrators in hosptials:

A

-purchasing
-billing

216
Q

medical staff

A

-medical director
-staff physicians
-residents
-nurses

217
Q

fragmented care

A

often little to no communication between medical staff

218
Q

nosocomial infections

A

about 5%-10% of patients, MRSA

219
Q

depersonalization in the hospital

A

is when physicians go about care as if you are not there in the room with them

midterm flashcards (5 decks)

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