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Health Psychology- Final > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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1
Q

health behavior is

A

any activity people perform to maintain or improve their health, regardless of their perceived health status

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2
Q

well behavior is

A

any activity people undertake to maintain or improve current good health and avoid illness. (checkups, getting vaccinations)

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3
Q

symptom-based behavior

A

is any activity people who are ill undertake to determine the problem and find a remedy (seeking advice from relatives or medical professionals).

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4
Q

sick-role behavior

A

refers to any activity people undertake to treat or adjust to a health problem after deciding that they are ill and what the illness is. (staying home from work)

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5
Q

Which type of health promotion programs are most effective in schools?

A

the programs that involve the children’s family and community over a long period

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6
Q

Pros in health promotion programs in school

A

they have access to virtually all children during the years that are the most critical time in the development of health-related behaviors.

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7
Q

Pros in health promotion programs in religious organizations

A

they can reach many minority and immigrant adults who are at high risk of serious illnesses

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8
Q

Health promotion programs at work (work wellness programs) include

A

fitness or diet challenges that have financial incentives

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9
Q

Why are wellness programs important to businesses

A

American workers with poor health habits cost employers substantially more in health benefits

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10
Q

Live for life

A

is a program that is designed to improve employees’ health knowledge, stress management, and efforts to exercise, stop smoking, and control weight.

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11
Q

For each participating employee, live for life provides

A

a health screen, showing a detailed assessment of the persons current health

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12
Q

community wellness programs

A

can address a variety of health issues such as exercise programs or preventative behavior, like drinking and driving

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13
Q

What represents a benefit of school health programs?

A

They help children establish healthy behaviors early.

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14
Q

Are we always able to maintain a healthy behavior, especially on the first try

A

No, however abstinence violation is not a reason to give up.

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15
Q

Hebb’s Axiom

A

neurons that fire together, wire together

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16
Q

Why may people find it hard to maintain healthy behaviors

A

-people relapse (on any behavior)
-change is messy and hard
-abstinence violation

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17
Q

abstinence violation

A

when people violate habits in a small way, they will just give up when the habit is not done perfectly (wrong way to maintain healthy behaviors)

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18
Q

efforts to reduce HIV infection

A
  1. safer-sex practices
  2. people should avoid having sex outside of long-term monogamous relationships
  3. get tested regularly
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19
Q

Factors contributing to unsafe behaviors that can lead to HIV and AIDS

A
  1. promiscuity
  2. intoxication (drugs or alcohol)
  3. youth are much more likely to engage in risky sex if their parents reject their sexuality
  4. LGB teens are more likely to abuse alcohol and engage in risky sex
  5. unmarried partners are less likely to use condoms if they perceive their relationship to be close
  6. social pressures (women may be embarrassed to buy condoms)
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20
Q

HIV prevention efforts

A
  1. education
  2. enhance interpersonal skills when engaging in sex
  3. training for specific skills
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21
Q

Safer Sex study

A

a study done between two groups. Both groups attended an AIDS education session, however one group were also taught self-efficacy regarding talking to potential partners about condom use. The intervention did significantly better in practicing safer sex for up to a year later compared to the control group. (control group also improved from their own results)

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22
Q

Adolescence is sometimes a difficult time for health because adolescent ____ ____ behavior increases

A

risk taking

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23
Q

addiction

A

condition occurs after repeated consumption of a substance

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24
Q

physical dependence

A

the body has incorporated substance into normal functioning (heroin, alcohol), when you need it to feel ok

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25
Q

tolerance

A

occurs as body adapts to substance

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26
Q

withdrawal

A

physical and physiological symptoms that occur when substance when stops or decreases
psychological dependences,dependence on the effect (weed)

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27
Q

substance use disorder and some criteria

A

must impair functioning:
1. increasing tolerance
2. wanting to cut down on use
3. failing to meet obligations
4. putting yourself and others at risk
5. substance related legal difficulties
6. withdrawal symptoms

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28
Q

levels of substance use disorder

A

mild: your symptoms match 2 or 3 of the criteria
moderate: symptoms match 4 or 5
severe: symptoms match 6 or more

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29
Q

Howard has developed a physical dependence on nicotine, which means

A

his body requires it for “normal” functioning and he’ll most likely experience withdrawal symptoms if he tries to quit smoking

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30
Q

Dependence-positive reinforcement

A

people feel rewarded when using the substance (feeling “buzzed”)

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31
Q

Dependence- negative reinforcement

A

removing an aversive feeling (stress is removed when drinking)

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32
Q

Classical conditioning

A

a conditioned stimulus (the smell of cigarette smoke) comes to elicit a response through association with an unconditioned stimulus (the substances effect, the “buzz” feeling)

33
Q

classical conditioning is a

A

substance-related cue

34
Q

examples of classical conditioning

A

seeing everyone at a party having a good time:
1. increases cravings (party associated with drinking)
2. activate neural pathways associated with behavior (activated a desire to drink)
3. expectancies (people having fun drinking= you will have fun drinking)

35
Q

Steve grew up seeing his parents have fun at parties that included large amounts of alcohol. According the expectancy theory, Steve is likely to develop ___ attitudes toward alcohol via _____

A

positive; classical conditioning

36
Q

Incentive Sensitization

A

dopamine increases when a person comes into contact with salient reminders of the substance, which compels the person to use more

37
Q

Addiction and genetics

A

MZ’s are more likely to share an addiction compared to DZ’s

38
Q

Tobacco was originally

A

thought to have medicinal properties

39
Q

tobacco is the #1

A

controllable cause of death in the US

40
Q

Why is smoking still legal?

A

Because it makes money

41
Q

Who smokes?

A

-Less than 15% of the US population smokes
-most smokers develop habit in teens
-non-college attendees are more likely

42
Q

Why do people smoke?

A

-low self-esteem
-weight gain
-perceiving low risk with high benefit associated with starting

43
Q

In which ways has smoking been targeted to women?

A

-hunger suppressant
-high prestige models smoke

44
Q

Factors in becoming a regular smoker

A
  1. at least one parent smokes
  2. percieved parental indifference
  3. friends/siblings who smoke
  4. thrill-seeking personality
  5. positive attitudes toward smoking
  6. belief that they can quit at will
45
Q

Why would people smoke?

A

-teens who usually start (and have a positive interaction with it)

46
Q

normative social influence

A

-peers and/or family
-high prestige models

47
Q

Informational social influence

A

-knowing every consequence, so you do not partake in bad habits, like smoking

48
Q

Tobacco smoke is

A

the only thing where nicotine naturally occurs

49
Q

Niccotine is

A

-the addictive chemical in tobacco
-quickly travels to the brain
-increases alertness, heart rate, bp

50
Q

Nicotine regulation model

A

A study which tested the idea that smokers will continue to smoke to maintain nicotine levels. Smokers who were given cigarettes with less nicotine, smoked a higher volume of cigarettes in order to maintain the normal level of nicotine they usually get.

51
Q

How long does it take for nicotine to leave the system

A

half of the nicotine will be out of your system in two hours from time of use

52
Q

Researchers have found that when habitual smokers are provided with low-nicotine cigarettes they:

A

smoke more to maintain their nicotine intake

53
Q

smoking decreases

A

life expectancy and quality of life in older age

54
Q

What is the worst single health behavior

A

smoking

55
Q

Both ____ and ____ damage lungs

A

tobacco and marijuana

56
Q

Compare the health overall between people who never smoked regularly and former smokers who stopped BEFORE 35

A

virtually the same, showing if you stop smoking tobacco or marijuana before the age of 35, you can continue to have good health

57
Q

How does smoking affect the chances of lung cancer and heart disease

A

increases the chances of both

58
Q

what are the substances identified in nicotine

A

nitrosamines- highly carcinogenic
PAH’s- linked to cancers of lung, mouth, esophagus, bladder, and kidney

59
Q

Temperance movement

A

people realized the negative effects alcohol had on peoples behaviors in the 18th century, resulted in prohibition

60
Q

Why was the 18th amendment repealed

A

Great Depression

61
Q

Frugality by-hypothesis

A

evolutionary hypothesis that helps us understand why people enjoy drinking; primates would get “drunk” when consuming fermented fruit

62
Q

The movement in America which advocated total abstinence from alcohol was called

A

temperance

63
Q

Binge drinking is

A

5 or more drinks for men
4 or more drinks for women

64
Q

Adolescent drinkers

A

are more likely to become heavy drinkers as they age

65
Q

Alcohol use disorder’s criteria

A

1.drink heavily on regular basis
2. social/occupational impairment
3. frequently drunk
4. drink alone
5. drive under the influence

66
Q

Why do people abuse alcohol?

A
  1. Social/cultural reasons
  2. Modeling after someone they admire
  3. Normative social influence
  4. Adolescent depression
67
Q

Alcohol use and college intentions

A

Adolescents with no intention of attending a 4-year college abuse alcohol more and often than those who plan on attending a 4-year

68
Q

positive reinforcement (alcohol)

A

liking the taste of a cocktail, or the feeling

69
Q

negative reinforcement (alcohol)

A

drinking takes away stress

70
Q

heavy drinkers show these characteristics (5) in general

A

-perceive fewer negative consequences
-experience higher levels of stress
-live in environments that encourage
-heredity and family history
-craving more after 1 drink

71
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome involves

A

impaired nervous system development, and cognitive and physical defects

72
Q

Jim has had 5 glasses of beer and decides he needs to drive to the grocery store. He says that he always sobers up as soon as he gets behind the wheel. He is _____ the effects of alcohol on his ability to drive

A

under-estimating

73
Q

Liver cells

A

can repair completely in 30 days

74
Q

Alcohol can cause long term damage such as:

A

-decreased liver function
-cirrhosis
-heart and brain damage

75
Q

Moderate drinkers have

A

lower morbidity/mortality than heavy or non-drinkers (matter of debate)

76
Q

Stimulants

A

caffeine, meth, cocaine

77
Q

depressants

A

benzos, barbiturates

78
Q

hallucinogens

A

LSD, mushrooms

79
Q

narcotics

A

opiates, morphine, fentanyl

Health Psychology- Final (1 decks)

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