Final 150 Part one Flashcards
Why did Europeans come to America to colonize?
To acquire new land and spread Christianity
Virginia Company
The joint stock company that established Jamestown
Plymouth Colony
The colony of the pilgrims
Jamestown
Town founded by the Virginia Company through a gained charter. This town was saved by tobacco.
John Smith
Governor of Jamestown who forced settlers to work and explore, but left and Jamestown suffered.
Pocahontas
Part of the Powhatan tribe and is best known for saving John Smith’s life
John Rolfe
Learned how to grow a type of tobacco and so,d the first crop in England in 1614. He married the daughter of Chief Powhatan, Pocahontas
Tobacco
The crop that saved Jamestown
Bacon’s Rebellion
Led by Nathaniel Bacon “The greatest rebel that was ever in Virginia” (called that by Berkley). This rebellion showed that the settlers were not content with being restricted to the coast.
Pilgrims
The people that came from England to America in search of religious freedom on the ship called the Mayflower in 1620 in September
Mayflower
The ship that the Pilgrims sailed in on their journey to America
Mayflower Compact
First governing document of the Plymouth Colony that was written by the males on the ship.
William Bradford
Led the Pilgrims for over 30 years. Most famous for writing the book “Of Plymouth Plantation” that described the lives of the colonists from 1621-1646
Squanto and Samoset
Part of the Wampanoag Indian tribe, they helped the Pilgrims in the first spring and taught them how to grow corn, beans, and squash and showed them where to hunt and fish
Puritans
Protestants who wanted to reform the church. Religiously intolerant
Massachusetts Bay Colony
A colony formed by the Puritans in 1629 based on the Bible. John Winthrop was the group’s governor
John Winthrop
Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams
Both taken to trail over disagreeing with Puritans and were kicked out of Massachusetts. They formed Rhode Island
Salem Witch Trials
A series of hearings and prosecutions of people who were accused of witchcraft in Salem, MA. Many who were falsely accused were killed.
William Penn
Founded the colony of Pennsylvania. He was a Quaker who wrote their constitution
Quakers
Religiously tolerant people who believe everyone has an inner light to lead you to salvation (also pacifists)
Pacifists
People who refuse to fight in wars or use force
James Oglethorpe’s debtor and buffer colony
Georgia
First Great Awakening
A religious revival that swept through the colonies. The belief grows that to God, we are all equal
Triangular Trade
A system in which slaves, crops, and manufactured goods were traded between Africa, the Caribbean, and the American Colonies
Poor Richard’s Almanack, Albany Plan of Union and Join or Die Cartoon
Albany Plan of Union - Called for one general government for the thirteen colonies. Designed to help the colonies defend themselves from the French, but failed.
Join or Die Cartoon - first political cartoon in America by Ben Franklin
Poor Richards Almanack - Ben Franklin was so inspired by the Enlightenment that he wrote this, a collection of witty sayings such as “a penny saved is a penny earned”
John Peter Zenger Trial
In 1732, publisher JPZ accused the governor of New York of corruption in the New York Weekly Journal and was thrown in jail.In court, Zenger was found not guilty and this helped lead to the freedom of the press
Cause of French and Indian War
Control over the Ohio River valley fur trade
Proclamation of 1763
Britain signed this document which halted westward expansion by settlers west of the Appalachian mountains to comfort the Native Americans
The Sugar Act
Act that allowed British officers to seize goods from smugglers without going to court (contradicts British law innocent until proven guilty)
The Stamp Act
Placed a tax on almost all printed material in the colonies
The Boston Massacre
March 5, 1770 : fight that breaks out between townspeople and British soldiers. (After one British soldier gets knocked down, another fires upon the crowd. And the disperses. There were five people killed) it was successfully used as propaganda
The Boston Tea Party
Midnight December 16, 1773 - a group of colonists led by the Sons of Liberty. They board an EITC ship and destroy the tea by throwing it in the harbor
The Intolerable/Coercive Acts
These acts closed Boston Harbor until the tea was paid for. (Britain tried to isolate Boston, but other colonies sent supplies to show their support for Boston)
Patrick Henry
Said “I’m not a Virginian, but an American” and persuaded the House of Burgesses to take action against the Stamp Act and is the most anti - British political action for the colonists. He was a famous activist
John Hancock
Well known protest leader, first person to sign the DOI
Thomas Paine’s Common Sense
January 1776 - Thomas Paine published the pamphlet called Common Sense which called for the colonies to complete independence from Britain
Samuel Adams and the Sons of Liberty
A secret society formed to protect the rights of the colonists and fight taxation against Britain. Founded by Samuel Adams
Declaration of Independence – Year, location, author, significance
July 4, 1776, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Thomas Jefferson, explains why the colonists wanted to form a new nation and the preamble states that the government exists by the consent of the government
Cause of American Revolutionary War
Unfair taxation against the colonies
Loyalists
Colonists who stayed loyal to Britain and was against the revolution
Patriots
American colonists who were for the revolution
Battles of Lexington and Concord
Lexington : the Minutemen fired the shot heard round the world
Concord : //////
Battle of Saratoga
1777- the turning point of the Revolutionary War. After Saratoga, France and Spain became allies of the colonists
Winter at Valley Forge
A time of terrible suffering without decent food, clothing, or shelter for Washington and his troops
Battle of Yorktown
The last major battle of the AR. Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay were sent to Paris to work out a peace treaty to end the war. (Treaty of Paris 1783)
Benedict Arnold
Hero of the Battle of Saratoga. During this battle, he was shot in the leg which ends his combat career for awhile. He did not get a promotion from the Continental Army, so his wife arranged to get him a higher ranking in the British Military
Lead commander of the Patriots troops in the war
General George Washington
Marquis de La Fayette
Believed that the future of America had a great influence on the future of mankind
Friedrich von Steuben
Credited with teaching the Continental Army the essentials of military drill and discipline
Francis Marion
A successful Patriot leader. Nicknamed “Swamp Fox” because he operated out of swamps in South Carolina. (He was so quick and smart that a British General mumbled that even the devil couldn’t catch Marion)
guerrilla warfare
Hit and run war tactics
Treaty of Paris 1783
Treaty that ended the Revolutionary War
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Created one territory out of the lands North of the Ohio River and East of the Mississippi River. It included a bill of rights for the settlers and was the first attempt in US history to stop the spread of slavery
Articles of Confederation
In November 1777 - America’s first constitution was adopted (AoC). The government could not raise taxes. Each state had one vote in congress. The government could not obtain an army. Not strong enough to handle all of the problems of the country
Shays’ Rebellion
Uprising of MA farmers to fight the government’s taxes. Revealed the need for a stronger central government. (4 people were killed by local militia)
The Great Compromise
Established the model for Congress used to this day
The 3/5 Compromise
Allowed southern states to count stages as 3/5 of one free person for representation. Allowed southern states to gain more delegates in the House of Representatives.
The US Constitution – Father of, year, and purpose
James Madison, 1789, keeps the branches from gaining too much power, outlined jobs and powers of government
Bill of Rights
First 10 amendments to the Constitution, created to limit the power of the government and protect the rights of the individuals
1st Amendment
Guarantees freedom of speech, religion, assembly, press, and petition to the government
2nd Amendment
Rights for citizens to bear arms and for states to be a militia
4th Amendment
Protects against unreasonable searches and seizures without probable cause
5th Amendment
Natural rights cannot be deprived without due process of law (means that the fed govt must follow the rules of law in the process of arresting indicting, trying, sentencing, convicting and incarcerating a person)
6th Amendment
Right to a speedy, public trial by an impartial jury
Three Branches of Government and their purpose
Executive - carries out laws. President = chief executive.
Legislative - law making branch. Congress : Senate and House of Reps.
Judicial - interprets laws and declares laws unconstitutional
Keeps one branch from getting too powerful
Whiskey Rebellion
Civil uprising against the taxing power of the federal government
Alexander Hamilton
Head of the Federalist Party and Department of Treasury
Alien and Sedition Acts
Alien - allowed president to deport aliens
Sedition - a crime to speak or write false criticisms to weaken the government (contradicts 1st amendment)
John Sevier
1st Governor of TN
Marbury v Madison
Landmark court case that established judicial review (time ran out in Adams’ presidency so, Marbury didn’t get his appointment through) (Marbury blames James Madison)
Judicial review
Means the court can nullify actions of other branches
McCulloch v Maryland
Supreme Court case over state’s rights. (MD imposed a tax over the branch of the Second Bank of the US. Marshall ruled that Maryland was MD had no right to tax the bank)
Natchez Trace
An important route for trade between MA and Nashville (allowed farmers to get back to TN after selling their crops down the MS River)
