Final 150 Part 1 Flashcards
Why did Europeans come to America to colonize?
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Virginia Company
A joint stock company that gained a charter to establish Jamestown. The joint stock company is investors that buy stock to help set the settlement up and once profits are reached, the investors get a percentage.
Jamestown
They never found any good or silver, but these people were able to find a way to make money here. Tobacco saves Jamestown. Jamestown didn’t have farmland, because it was swampy.
John Smith
Captain John Smith, Governor of Jamestown for its first 2 years, He forced settlers to work and explore. He built a strong relationship with chief Powhatan to get corn. When he left for England, Jamestown suffered. The Powhatan tribe stopped providing food. This was known as “the starving time”.
Pocahontas
Well known for saving John Smith’s life and bringing some peace to British/Native American relations after her marriage to John Rolfe.
John Rolfe
He learned how to grow this type of tobacco and sold the first crop in 1614 in England. The growth of tobacco allowed Virginia to grow and prosper. He married the daughter of Chief Powhatan, Pacahontas.
Tobacco
Cash crop from Maryland and Virginia
Bacon’s Rebellion
Only Bacon’s sudden illness and ultimate death kept him from over taking the colony of Virginia. His uprising against Berkely’s policies and anger over Native Americans raids had shown that the settlers were not content with being restricted to the coast.
Plymouth Colony
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Pilgrims
Pilgrims came to America on the Mayflower on September 1620. They planned to go near modern New York, but landed North in Plymouth, the colony of the pilgrims. They followed the Mayflower Compact, a document that provided the laws and helped develop governments in America.
Mayflower
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Mayflower Compact
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William Bradford
The pilgrims were led by William Bradford for over 30 years. Bradford is responsible for designating the Thanksgiving holiday in American culture. Bradford is most famous for writing of Plymouth Plantation that described the lives of the colonists from 1621 to 1646. Here he drew parallels between their lives and events of the Bible .
Squanto and Samoset
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Puritans
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Massachusetts Bay Colony
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John Winthrop
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Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams
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Salem Witch Trials
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William Penn
He founded the Colony of Pennsylvania and was a Quaker that wrote their constitution .
Quakers
Everyone has a “inner light” to lead them to salvation. Everyone was equal in God’s sight. Quakers were tolerant of other people’s views. They were also pacifists-people who refuse to fight in wars or use force. William Penn personally oversaw the building of the city Philadelphia, which he referred to as the “city of Brotherly Love”. Quakers differed from most other groups in this time because of positive treatment towards women and Native Americans
Pacifists
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James Oglethorpe’s debtor and buffer colony
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First Great Awakening
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Triangular Trade
The triangular trade was a system in which slaves, crops, and manufactured goods were traded between Africa, the Caribbean, and the American Colonies.
Poor Richard’s Almanack, Albany Plan of Union and Join or Die Cartoon
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John Peter Zenger Trial
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Cause of French and Indian War
Fort Loudoun was burned down by the Cherokee and for control of the Ohio River.
Proclamation of 1763
In order to put an end to the fighting, Great Britain signs the proclamation of 1763, which halted western expansion by the settlers west of the Appalachian Mountains to appease the Native American’s.
The Sugar Act
In this Act British officers were allowed to seize goods from smuggling without going to court. This contradicts the British law of “innocent until proven guilty”.
The Stamp Act
In 1765, a new tax would be added that would affect everyone in colonial cities. Stamp Act- placed a new tax on almost all printed materials in the Colonies. These printed materials could not be sold without a stamp from British officials.
The Boston Massacre
On March 5,1770, a fight breaks out between townspeople and British soldiers. After one British solider gets knocked down, another fired upon the crowd. And the crowd then disperse. Although this event didn’t last long, it would have very long lasting impacts on the next few years of colonial life, eventually leading us to war. There were 5 people killed in the Boston Massacre. The Boston Massacre was used successfully as a form of propaganda- information designed to influence opinions.
The Boston Tea Party
Midnight December 16, 1773, a group of colonists led by the sons of Liberty board on East India Trading Company ship when its set to be unloaded and they destroyed the Boston Tea Party was done as a response to the Tea Act of 1773. Many colonies still considered themselves to be a part of the British empire.
The Intolerable/Coercive Acts
Intolerable Acts- harsh laws intended to punish Massachusetts citizens as a reaction to the Boston Tea Party called the Coercive Acts in England. They were called this because these acts closed Boston harbor or until the Tea was paid for. Great Britain had tried to isolate Boston, but were not successful.
Patrick Henry
At a meeting of the first Continental Congress Patrick Henry said,”I am not a Virginian, but an American”.
Samuel Adams and the Sons of Liberty
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John Hancock
1st person to sign the Deceleration of Independence.
Thomas Paine’s Common Sense
January 1776, Thomas Paine published the pamphlet common sense. He called for the colonies to have complete independence from Great Britain. Paine believes that the colonies should be a refuge from tryants and persecution.
Declaration of Independence – Year, location, author, significance
July 4,1776, The 2nd Continental Congress accepted the Deceleration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson. The purpose of the DOI was to explain why the colonies chose to form a new nation. The Deceleration of Independence was signed in Philadelphia in 1776.
Cause of American Revolutionary War
Stamp Act, Boston Massacre, and Intolerable Acts.
Loyalists
They were colonists still loyal to Great Britain, also called Tories. About 20% of the colonies were tories. Strongest area of loyalists: Carolina and Georgia.
Patriots
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Battles of Lexington and Concord
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Battle of Saratoga
In 1777, the battle of Saratoga was the turning point of the war,. After Saratoga, France and Spain become allies of the colonies.
Winter at Valley Forge
This was a time of terrible suffering without decent food, clothing, or shelter for Washington and his troops.
Battle of Yorktown
The last major battle of the American Revolution was the battle of Yorktown.
Benedict Arnold
The hero of the battle of Saratoga.
Lead commander of the Patriots troops in the war
Gorge Washington
Marquis de La Fayette
French aristocrat and military officer who fought in the American Revolutionary War.
Friedrich von Steuben
Taught patriots discipline and tactics.
Francis Marion
Was also known as the swamp fox because he outwitted the British in a sly way in the swamps of South Carolina. He is considered the father of guerrilla warfare- a hit and run was technique.
guerrilla warfare
A hit and run war technique
Treaty of Paris 1783
Great Britain recognized the US as an independent nation
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
This created one territory out of the lands north of the Ohio river and east of the Mississippi River. It included a bill of rights for the settlers and was the first attempt in US history to stop the spread of slavery.
Articles of Confederation
In November 1777, Americas 1st constitution was adopted: The Articles of Confederation. But in the AOC the gov’t could not raise taxes. In the AOC each state had one vote in congress. The AOC was unsuccessful because the gov’t it provided was not strong enough to handle all of the country.
Shays’ Rebellion
Was an uprising by Massachusetts farmers to fight the gov’ts taxes on poor farmers. This revealed the need for a stronger central gov’t to regulate taxation and provide a central military force. People believed the gov’t wasn’t strong enough to properly deal with these situations.
The Great Compromise
This established the model for congress used to this day.
The 3/5 Compromise
This allowed southern states to count slaves as 3/5 of one free person for representation. This Compromise would allow the southern states to gain more delegates in the House of Representatives.
The US Constitution – Father of, year, and purpose
1789, James Madison is considered the “Father of the Constitution”. The purpose of this was because it creates a national government consisting of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. It divides power between the federal government and the states. Protects various individual liberties of American Citizens.
Bill of Rights
This is the 1st-10 Amendments to the Constitution. BOR was created to limit the power of the gov’t and protect the rights of the individuals.
1st Amendment
Guarantees freedom of speech, religion, assembly, press, and petition the government.
2nd Amendment
Rights for citizens to bear arms and for states to maintain a militia. The main debate is if citizens have the right to own firearms.
4th Amendment
Protects against unreasonable searches and seizures without probable cause.
5th Amendment
Natural rights can not be deprived without due process of law. This is important for people accused of committing crimes because you have the right to not give self incriminating evidence.
6th Amendment
You have the right to a speedy public trial by an important jury.
Three Branches of Government and their purpose
Legislative- Branch that makes the laws. Executive- carries out the laws. Judicial- interprets laws and declares laws or presidential acts unconstitutional.
Whiskey Rebellion
This is a civil uprising against the taxing power of the federal gov’t. Washington proves that if citizens want to change to law, they had to do so peacefully through constitutional means.
Alexander Hamilton
One of the founding fathers of the US, influential interpreter and promoter of the US Constitution.
Alien and Sedition Acts
Alien Act- allowed presidents to deport aliens that were considered dangerous. Sedition Act- a crime to speak or write false criticism to try and weaken the government. This contradicts the 1st Amendment.
John Sevier
The first governor of Tennessee
Natchez Trace
A route for trade between Mississippi and Nashville, allows farmers to get back to TN after selling their crops.
Marbury v Madison
This was the landmark court case that established judicial review. Judicial Review means that court can nullify actions of other branches. This was the first time the Supreme Court decided something was unconstitutional.
Judicial review
A review by court to see if something is constitutional.
McCulloch v Maryland
Supreme Court case over states rights. The state if Maryland imposed a tax over a branch of the United States- a federal institution. Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that Maryland had no right to tax the bank because it was a federal institution and the court didn’t want states to have much power over the national government.
