final

Question 1

Wildfire, possibly due to power lines downed under high winds, burned most of the town of Lahaina on Maui island, and is a relatively new disaster risk to the Hawaiian Island chain in addition to __________ and __________.

Answer 1

volcanic eruption, earthquake

Question 2

The decrease in the worldwide fertility rate is likely linked to urbanization and increased opportunities for women.

Answer 2

true

Question 3

World wide, and as we noticed just last week in Canada, glaciers __________ leaving research huts, artifacts, and ancient drainage surfaces exposed.

Answer 3

retreat due to atmospheric warming

Question 4

The __________ of a disaster is the average number of years between same sized events.

Answer 4

return period

Question 5

Since the adaptation of waste water systems in urban areas, and with the advent of science-based medicine, birthrates _________.

Answer 5

have changed little, while death rates have plummeted

Question 6

“__________ growth” is a kind of mathematical curve that best fits the human population data from the past several centuries.

Answer 6

exponential growth

Question 7

In the USA, a tornado killing 10 people is less likely than an earthquake killing 10 people.

Answer 7

false

Question 8

If we could decrease the global human population, the death toll from natural disasters would be expected to _________.

Answer 8

decrease

Question 9

Hurricane Lee, now approaching our Maritime provinces, began as __________ 13 in the eastern __________ ocean just above the __________.

Answer 9

tropical storm, atlantic, equator

Question 10

Storm Daniel crossed Greece, crossed the Sahara desert, and killed thousands of people in Libya. Why might Daniel be considered an anthropomorphic (human made) disaster?

Answer 10

dam failures

Question 11

What differentiated Earth into a mantle and core _________?

Answer 11

Fe Catastrophe

Question 12

Social media misinformation peddlers might have us believe, falsely, that Earth’s early heat came primarily from __________.

Answer 12

dark energy

Question 13

Smashing a rock with a hammer into fragments give one the experience of __________ deformation.

Answer 13

brittle

Question 14

ductile means

Answer 14

flexible, able to be deformed without being broken

Question 15

elastic means

Answer 15

springs back when deformed

Question 16

Earth’s magnetic and rotational axes don’t necessarily coincide.

Answer 16

true

Question 17

In a collision between oceanic plates, the_________ subducts the __________ .

Answer 17

older, colder plate; younger, warmer plate

Question 18

Below the Curie point of approximately _________ C, Fe-rich minerals align (magnetize) with Earth’s magnetic field.

Answer 18

550

Question 19

A typical molecule in an oceanic plate gets recycled every __________ years, approximately.

Answer 19

200 million

Question 20

Astronomers theorize how our solar system formed _________.

Answer 20

by gravitational accretion of matter

Question 21

As of Thursday, September 7, 2023, __________ 13 grew to become named Hurricane __________, and was predicted to bring heavy rain and dangerous storm surge to __________.

Answer 21

tropical storm, lee, nova scotia

Question 22

_________waves travel only through solids; on reaching liquid or gas, the wave energy is reflected back into rock or is converted to another form.

Answer 22

S waves

Question 23

Sedimentation (deposition following suspension in water) of sand, gravel, and mud in horizontal layers occurs according to the law of __________.

Answer 23

original horizontality

Question 24

The sediment layer on the sea floor is _________ .

Answer 24

thinnest near the volcanic ridges

Question 25

In normal faulting, the hanging wall moves _________ relative to the footwall.

Answer 25

down

Question 26

Thursday, Sept 21, we noticed an Oklahoma earthquake with a hypocentre of about 18 km - why don't we think it is associated with oil-filed production.

Answer 26

hypocentre too deep, oil producton , oil production eqs associated within 4km

Question 27

Hurricane Lee struck Nova Scotia having followed the __________ predicted path __________.

Answer 27

NOAA; almost exactly

Question 28

The transverse __________ waves apply shear forces to rocks in a direction perpendicular to their propagation direction.

Answer 28

Love and S waves

Question 29

The frequency of a wave is_________.

Answer 29

the number of waves passing a sensor per second

Question 30

Can the same fault be classified as both a strike-slip and a transform fault?

Answer 30

yes

Question 31

The supercontinent __________ is thought to have existed about 220 million years ago.

Answer 31

Pangea

Question 32

All but which of the following characterize the moment magnitude of and earthquake?

Answer 32

Modified Mercalli Intensity

Question 33

Recent work in Switzerland suggests that Swiss __________ will retreat completely by __________.

Answer 33

glaciers / 2100

Question 34

For every _________ times increase in seismic amplitude, the Richter magnitude value increases one integer.

Answer 34

10

Question 35

As of Thursday, Sept. 28, tropical storm Philippe struggled to organize itself around a central eye due to:

Answer 35

strong wind shear in the atmosphere

Question 36

Which of the following does not improve a building's resistance to earthquakes?

Answer 36

match its period to the expected seismic waves

Question 37

A building foundation that slides or rolls with an earthquake uses _________ to reduce earthquake-induced damage.

Answer 37

base isolation

Question 38

In general, tall buildings have a __________ resonant period.

Answer 38

longer

Question 39

The seismic-gap method of earthquake forecasting works by identifying _________.

Answer 39

segments along a fault that not moved for the longest amount of time

Question 40

In the 1989 Loma Prieta quake, the Marina District building collapses were extensive, and numerous destructive fires broke out, due to all but which one of the following?

Answer 40

widespread looting and arson

Question 41

The _____ wave travels fastest and moves in a push-pull fashion of alternating pulses of compression (push) and extension (pull).

Answer 41

P waves

Question 42

Can the same fault be classified as both a reverse and a normal fault?

Answer 42

no

Question 43

When most of the movement along a fault is horizontal, the fault is referred to as a________ fault.

Answer 43

strike slip

Question 44

The sediment layer on the sea floor is _________ .

Answer 44

thickest near the deep ocean trenches

Question 45

The three 'Vs' of volcanology are _________.

Answer 45

viscosity, volatiles, and volume

Question 46

The law of _________ explains that sediments (such as sand, gravel, and mud) are originally deposited or settled out of water in horizontal layers.

Answer 46

original horizontality

Question 47

In a collision between continental plates, the_________ subducts the __________ .

Answer 47

older, colder plate can; younger, warmer plate

Question 48

The Pacific Plate subducts along _________edges and creates enormous earthquakes.

Answer 48

its northern and western

Question 49

The gigantic pieces of lithospheric plates diverging, sliding past, or colliding with each other are directly responsible for most of the earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and mountains on Earth.

Answer 49

true

Question 50

The last major earthquake and tsunami on our west coast occurred on or about 26 January 1700 because:

Answer 50

annual growth rings in drowned trees have no rings after 1699, and a 2m tsunami hit Japan on 26 January 1700.

Question 51

Hurricane Philippe struck Nova Scotia having __________ the __________ predicted path.

Answer 51

mostly ignored: NOAA

Question 52

Three basic classes of collisions include all but which of the following?

Answer 52

Oceanic plate versus mantle plate

Question 53

_________ waves advance with retrograde-elliptical motion.

Answer 53

rayleigh

Question 54

The difference between births and deaths each year adds a population equivalent of Germany to the world population.

Answer 54

true

Question 55

The town of Lahaina in 2023 adds _______ to volcanic eruption and earthquake on its list of natural disasters.

Answer 55

fire

Question 56

Lower the viscosity of magma by_________.

Answer 56

decreasing SiO2, increase temp, decrease crystal concentration

Question 57

Which of following correctly lists the order in which the listed minerals form in a cooling magma from the first to the last to form?

Answer 57

olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite mica, and quartz

Question 58

West Texas earthquake withs hypocentres of less than 10 km depth occurred this semester - why might we associate this seismicity with oil-field production.

Answer 58

production facilities near epicentres; oil production seismicity associated with fluid injection at about 4 km

Question 59

Over a typical span of 20 years, hurricanes kill more people than earthquakes.

Answer 59

true

Question 60

Disasters occur where Earth unleashes its concentrated energy.

Answer 60

true

Question 61

Earth's magnetic and rotational axes generally coincide within a degree or so as is the case currently.

Answer 61

true

Question 62

A natural disaster with a large return period is a low-frequency event.

Answer 62

true

Question 63

_________ waves propagate by compressing particles in the direction of advance.

Answer 63

P waves

Question 64

Si and O2 link up to form the silicon-oxygen_________.

Answer 64

tetrahedron

Question 65

Which structure is safest during an earthquake?

Answer 65

modern 2 story wood frame house

Question 66

All but which of the following affect Earthquake intensity?

Answer 66

air pressure

Question 67

Which source rocks produce the highest viscosity magma?

Answer 67

rhyolite

Question 68

_________ faults are commonly found where subduction and continental collision occur.

Answer 68

reverse

Question 69

As radioactive atoms decay, heat energy is _________.

Answer 69

released

Question 70

Which of the following is not a divergent margin?

Answer 70

Aleutian Island Arc

Question 71

The typical trend in a rising plume of subduction-zone magma is to increase the _________.

Answer 71

percentage of SiO2, viscosity , explosive potential of magma by holding gases in more tightly

Question 72

If a stream experiences increased discharge, the stream __________.

Answer 72

meanders