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GOPH > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

Wildfire, possibly due to power lines downed under high winds, burned most of the town of Lahaina on Maui island, and is a relatively new disaster risk to the Hawaiian Island chain in addition to __________ and __________.

A

volcanic eruption, earthquake

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2
Q

The decrease in the worldwide fertility rate is likely linked to urbanization and increased opportunities for women.

A

true

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3
Q

World wide, and as we noticed just last week in Canada, glaciers __________ leaving research huts, artifacts, and ancient drainage surfaces exposed.

A

retreat due to atmospheric warming

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4
Q

The __________ of a disaster is the average number of years between same sized events.

A

return period

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5
Q

Since the adaptation of waste water systems in urban areas, and with the advent of science-based medicine, birthrates _________.

A

have changed little, while death rates have plummeted

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6
Q

“__________ growth” is a kind of mathematical curve that best fits the human population data from the past several centuries.

A

exponential growth

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7
Q

In the USA, a tornado killing 10 people is less likely than an earthquake killing 10 people.

A

false

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8
Q

If we could decrease the global human population, the death toll from natural disasters would be expected to _________.

A

decrease

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9
Q

Hurricane Lee, now approaching our Maritime provinces, began as __________ 13 in the eastern __________ ocean just above the __________.

A

tropical storm, atlantic, equator

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10
Q

Storm Daniel crossed Greece, crossed the Sahara desert, and killed thousands of people in Libya. Why might Daniel be considered an anthropomorphic (human made) disaster?

A

dam failures

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11
Q

What differentiated Earth into a mantle and core _________?

A

Fe Catastrophe

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12
Q

Social media misinformation peddlers might have us believe, falsely, that Earth’s early heat came primarily from __________.

A

dark energy

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13
Q

Smashing a rock with a hammer into fragments give one the experience of __________ deformation.

A

brittle

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14
Q

ductile means

A

flexible, able to be deformed without being broken

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15
Q

elastic means

A

springs back when deformed

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16
Q

Earth’s magnetic and rotational axes don’t necessarily coincide.

A

true

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17
Q

In a collision between oceanic plates, the_________ subducts the __________ .

A

older, colder plate; younger, warmer plate

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18
Q

Below the Curie point of approximately _________ C, Fe-rich minerals align (magnetize) with Earth’s magnetic field.

A

550

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19
Q

A typical molecule in an oceanic plate gets recycled every __________ years, approximately.

A

200 million

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20
Q

Astronomers theorize how our solar system formed _________.

A

by gravitational accretion of matter

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21
Q

As of Thursday, September 7, 2023, __________ 13 grew to become named Hurricane __________, and was predicted to bring heavy rain and dangerous storm surge to __________.

A

tropical storm, lee, nova scotia

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22
Q

_________waves travel only through solids; on reaching liquid or gas, the wave energy is reflected back into rock or is converted to another form.

A

S waves

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23
Q

Sedimentation (deposition following suspension in water) of sand, gravel, and mud in horizontal layers occurs according to the law of __________.

A

original horizontality

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24
Q

The sediment layer on the sea floor is _________ .

A

thinnest near the volcanic ridges

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25
Q

In normal faulting, the hanging wall moves _________ relative to the footwall.

A

down

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26
Q

Thursday, Sept 21, we noticed an Oklahoma earthquake with a hypocentre of about 18 km - why don’t we think it is associated with oil-filed production.

A

hypocentre too deep, oil producton , oil production eqs associated within 4km

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27
Q

Hurricane Lee struck Nova Scotia having followed the __________ predicted path __________.

A

NOAA; almost exactly

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28
Q

The transverse __________ waves apply shear forces to rocks in a direction perpendicular to their propagation direction.

A

Love and S waves

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29
Q

The frequency of a wave is_________.

A

the number of waves passing a sensor per second

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30
Q

Can the same fault be classified as both a strike-slip and a transform fault?

A

yes

31
Q

The supercontinent __________ is thought to have existed about 220 million years ago.

A

Pangea

32
Q

All but which of the following characterize the moment magnitude of and earthquake?

A

Modified Mercalli Intensity

33
Q

Recent work in Switzerland suggests that Swiss __________ will retreat completely by __________.

A

glaciers / 2100

34
Q

For every _________ times increase in seismic amplitude, the Richter magnitude value increases one integer.

A

10

35
Q

As of Thursday, Sept. 28, tropical storm Philippe struggled to organize itself around a central eye due to:

A

strong wind shear in the atmosphere

36
Q

Which of the following does not improve a building’s resistance to earthquakes?

A

match its period to the expected seismic waves

37
Q

A building foundation that slides or rolls with an earthquake uses _________ to reduce earthquake-induced damage.

A

base isolation

38
Q

In general, tall buildings have a __________ resonant period.

A

longer

39
Q

The seismic-gap method of earthquake forecasting works by identifying _________.

A

segments along a fault that not moved for the longest amount of time

40
Q

In the 1989 Loma Prieta quake, the Marina District building collapses were extensive, and numerous destructive fires broke out, due to all but which one of the following?

A

widespread looting and arson

41
Q

The _____ wave travels fastest and moves in a push-pull fashion of alternating pulses of compression (push) and extension (pull).

A

P waves

42
Q

Can the same fault be classified as both a reverse and a normal fault?

A

no

43
Q

When most of the movement along a fault is horizontal, the fault is referred to as a________ fault.

A

strike slip

44
Q

The sediment layer on the sea floor is _________ .

A

thickest near the deep ocean trenches

45
Q

The three ‘Vs’ of volcanology are _________.

A

viscosity, volatiles, and volume

46
Q

The law of _________ explains that sediments (such as sand, gravel, and mud) are originally deposited or settled out of water in horizontal layers.

A

original horizontality

47
Q

In a collision between continental plates, the_________ subducts the __________ .

A

older, colder plate can; younger, warmer plate

48
Q

The Pacific Plate subducts along _________edges and creates enormous earthquakes.

A

its northern and western

49
Q

The gigantic pieces of lithospheric plates diverging, sliding past, or colliding with each other are directly responsible for most of the earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and mountains on Earth.

A

true

50
Q

The last major earthquake and tsunami on our west coast occurred on or about 26 January 1700 because:

A

annual growth rings in drowned trees have no rings after 1699, and a 2m tsunami hit Japan on 26 January 1700.

51
Q

Hurricane Philippe struck Nova Scotia having __________ the __________ predicted path.

A

mostly ignored: NOAA

52
Q

Three basic classes of collisions include all but which of the following?

A

Oceanic plate versus mantle plate

53
Q

_________ waves advance with retrograde-elliptical motion.

A

rayleigh

54
Q

The difference between births and deaths each year adds a population equivalent of Germany to the world population.

A

true

55
Q

The town of Lahaina in 2023 adds _______ to volcanic eruption and earthquake on its list of natural disasters.

A

fire

56
Q

Lower the viscosity of magma by_________.

A

decreasing SiO2, increase temp, decrease crystal concentration

57
Q

Which of following correctly lists the order in which the listed minerals form in a cooling magma from the first to the last to form?

A

olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite mica, and quartz

58
Q

West Texas earthquake withs hypocentres of less than 10 km depth occurred this semester - why might we associate this seismicity with oil-field production.

A

production facilities near epicentres; oil production seismicity associated with fluid injection at about 4 km

59
Q

Over a typical span of 20 years, hurricanes kill more people than earthquakes.

A

true

60
Q

Disasters occur where Earth unleashes its concentrated energy.

A

true

61
Q

Earth’s magnetic and rotational axes generally coincide within a degree or so as is the case currently.

A

true

62
Q

A natural disaster with a large return period is a low-frequency event.

A

true

63
Q

_________ waves propagate by compressing particles in the direction of advance.

A

P waves

64
Q

Si and O2 link up to form the silicon-oxygen_________.

A

tetrahedron

65
Q

Which structure is safest during an earthquake?

A

modern 2 story wood frame house

66
Q

All but which of the following affect Earthquake intensity?

A

air pressure

67
Q

Which source rocks produce the highest viscosity magma?

A

rhyolite

68
Q

_________ faults are commonly found where subduction and continental collision occur.

A

reverse

69
Q

As radioactive atoms decay, heat energy is _________.

A

released

70
Q

Which of the following is not a divergent margin?

A

Aleutian Island Arc

71
Q

The typical trend in a rising plume of subduction-zone magma is to increase the _________.

A

percentage of SiO2, viscosity , explosive potential of magma by holding gases in more tightly

72
Q

If a stream experiences increased discharge, the stream __________.

A

meanders

73
Q
A

GOPH (4 decks)

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