final Flashcards
Wildfire, possibly due to power lines downed under high winds, burned most of the town of Lahaina on Maui island, and is a relatively new disaster risk to the Hawaiian Island chain in addition to __________ and __________.
volcanic eruption, earthquake
The decrease in the worldwide fertility rate is likely linked to urbanization and increased opportunities for women.
true
World wide, and as we noticed just last week in Canada, glaciers __________ leaving research huts, artifacts, and ancient drainage surfaces exposed.
retreat due to atmospheric warming
The __________ of a disaster is the average number of years between same sized events.
return period
Since the adaptation of waste water systems in urban areas, and with the advent of science-based medicine, birthrates _________.
have changed little, while death rates have plummeted
“__________ growth” is a kind of mathematical curve that best fits the human population data from the past several centuries.
exponential growth
In the USA, a tornado killing 10 people is less likely than an earthquake killing 10 people.
false
If we could decrease the global human population, the death toll from natural disasters would be expected to _________.
decrease
Hurricane Lee, now approaching our Maritime provinces, began as __________ 13 in the eastern __________ ocean just above the __________.
tropical storm, atlantic, equator
Storm Daniel crossed Greece, crossed the Sahara desert, and killed thousands of people in Libya. Why might Daniel be considered an anthropomorphic (human made) disaster?
dam failures
What differentiated Earth into a mantle and core _________?
Fe Catastrophe
Social media misinformation peddlers might have us believe, falsely, that Earth’s early heat came primarily from __________.
dark energy
Smashing a rock with a hammer into fragments give one the experience of __________ deformation.
brittle
ductile means
flexible, able to be deformed without being broken
elastic means
springs back when deformed
Earth’s magnetic and rotational axes don’t necessarily coincide.
true
In a collision between oceanic plates, the_________ subducts the __________ .
older, colder plate; younger, warmer plate
Below the Curie point of approximately _________ C, Fe-rich minerals align (magnetize) with Earth’s magnetic field.
550
A typical molecule in an oceanic plate gets recycled every __________ years, approximately.
200 million
Astronomers theorize how our solar system formed _________.
by gravitational accretion of matter
As of Thursday, September 7, 2023, __________ 13 grew to become named Hurricane __________, and was predicted to bring heavy rain and dangerous storm surge to __________.
tropical storm, lee, nova scotia
_________waves travel only through solids; on reaching liquid or gas, the wave energy is reflected back into rock or is converted to another form.
S waves
Sedimentation (deposition following suspension in water) of sand, gravel, and mud in horizontal layers occurs according to the law of __________.
original horizontality
The sediment layer on the sea floor is _________ .
thinnest near the volcanic ridges
In normal faulting, the hanging wall moves _________ relative to the footwall.
down
Thursday, Sept 21, we noticed an Oklahoma earthquake with a hypocentre of about 18 km - why don’t we think it is associated with oil-filed production.
hypocentre too deep, oil producton , oil production eqs associated within 4km
Hurricane Lee struck Nova Scotia having followed the __________ predicted path __________.
NOAA; almost exactly
The transverse __________ waves apply shear forces to rocks in a direction perpendicular to their propagation direction.
Love and S waves
The frequency of a wave is_________.
the number of waves passing a sensor per second
Can the same fault be classified as both a strike-slip and a transform fault?
yes
The supercontinent __________ is thought to have existed about 220 million years ago.
Pangea
All but which of the following characterize the moment magnitude of and earthquake?
Modified Mercalli Intensity
Recent work in Switzerland suggests that Swiss __________ will retreat completely by __________.
glaciers / 2100
For every _________ times increase in seismic amplitude, the Richter magnitude value increases one integer.
10
As of Thursday, Sept. 28, tropical storm Philippe struggled to organize itself around a central eye due to:
strong wind shear in the atmosphere
Which of the following does not improve a building’s resistance to earthquakes?
match its period to the expected seismic waves
A building foundation that slides or rolls with an earthquake uses _________ to reduce earthquake-induced damage.
base isolation
In general, tall buildings have a __________ resonant period.
longer
The seismic-gap method of earthquake forecasting works by identifying _________.
segments along a fault that not moved for the longest amount of time
In the 1989 Loma Prieta quake, the Marina District building collapses were extensive, and numerous destructive fires broke out, due to all but which one of the following?
widespread looting and arson
The _____ wave travels fastest and moves in a push-pull fashion of alternating pulses of compression (push) and extension (pull).
P waves
Can the same fault be classified as both a reverse and a normal fault?
no
When most of the movement along a fault is horizontal, the fault is referred to as a________ fault.
strike slip
The sediment layer on the sea floor is _________ .
thickest near the deep ocean trenches
The three ‘Vs’ of volcanology are _________.
viscosity, volatiles, and volume
The law of _________ explains that sediments (such as sand, gravel, and mud) are originally deposited or settled out of water in horizontal layers.
original horizontality
In a collision between continental plates, the_________ subducts the __________ .
older, colder plate can; younger, warmer plate
The Pacific Plate subducts along _________edges and creates enormous earthquakes.
its northern and western
The gigantic pieces of lithospheric plates diverging, sliding past, or colliding with each other are directly responsible for most of the earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and mountains on Earth.
true
The last major earthquake and tsunami on our west coast occurred on or about 26 January 1700 because:
annual growth rings in drowned trees have no rings after 1699, and a 2m tsunami hit Japan on 26 January 1700.
Hurricane Philippe struck Nova Scotia having __________ the __________ predicted path.
mostly ignored: NOAA
Three basic classes of collisions include all but which of the following?
Oceanic plate versus mantle plate
_________ waves advance with retrograde-elliptical motion.
rayleigh
The difference between births and deaths each year adds a population equivalent of Germany to the world population.
true
The town of Lahaina in 2023 adds _______ to volcanic eruption and earthquake on its list of natural disasters.
fire
Lower the viscosity of magma by_________.
decreasing SiO2, increase temp, decrease crystal concentration
Which of following correctly lists the order in which the listed minerals form in a cooling magma from the first to the last to form?
olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite mica, and quartz
West Texas earthquake withs hypocentres of less than 10 km depth occurred this semester - why might we associate this seismicity with oil-field production.
production facilities near epicentres; oil production seismicity associated with fluid injection at about 4 km
Over a typical span of 20 years, hurricanes kill more people than earthquakes.
true
Disasters occur where Earth unleashes its concentrated energy.
true
Earth’s magnetic and rotational axes generally coincide within a degree or so as is the case currently.
true
A natural disaster with a large return period is a low-frequency event.
true
_________ waves propagate by compressing particles in the direction of advance.
P waves
Si and O2 link up to form the silicon-oxygen_________.
tetrahedron
Which structure is safest during an earthquake?
modern 2 story wood frame house
All but which of the following affect Earthquake intensity?
air pressure
Which source rocks produce the highest viscosity magma?
rhyolite
_________ faults are commonly found where subduction and continental collision occur.
reverse
As radioactive atoms decay, heat energy is _________.
released
Which of the following is not a divergent margin?
Aleutian Island Arc
The typical trend in a rising plume of subduction-zone magma is to increase the _________.
percentage of SiO2, viscosity , explosive potential of magma by holding gases in more tightly
If a stream experiences increased discharge, the stream __________.
meanders
