MIDTERM Flashcards
Hurricane Lee, now approaching our Maritime provinces, began as __________ 13 in the eastern __________ ocean just above the __________.
Wildfire, possibly due to power lines downed under high winds, burned most of the town of Lahaina on Maui island, and is a relatively new disaster risk to the Hawaiian Island chain in addition to __________ and __________.
volcanic eruption; earthquake
The decrease in the worldwide fertility rate is likely linked to urbanization and increased opportunities for women. T/F?
True
World wide, and as we noticed just last week in Canada, glaciers __________ leaving research huts, artifacts, and ancient drainage surfaces exposed.
retreat due to atmospheric warming
The __________ of a disaster is the average number of years between same sized events.
return period
“__________ growth” is a kind of mathematical curve that best fits the human population data from the past several centuries.
exponential
In the USA, a tornado killing 10 people is less likely than an earthquake killing 10 people.
T/F?
False
A natural disaster with a large return period is a low-frequency event.
True
If we could decrease the global human population, the death toll from natural disasters would be expected to _________.
decrease
Storm Daniel crossed Greece, crossed the Sahara desert, and killed thousands of people in Libya. Why might Daniel be considered an anthropomorphic (human made) disaster?
dam failures due to negligence and no plan to evacuate citizens
What differentiated Earth into a mantle and core _________?
Fe catastrophe
Social media misinformation peddlers might have us believe, falsely, that Earth’s early heat came primarily from __________.
dark energy
Smashing a rock with a hammer into fragments give one the experience of __________ deformation.
brittle
Earth’s magnetic and rotational axes don’t necessarily coincide.
T/F
True
Below the Curie point of approximately _________ C, Fe-rich minerals align (magnetize) with Earth’s magnetic field.
550 C
A typical molecule in an oceanic plate gets recycled every __________ years, approximately.
200 million
Astronomers theorize how our solar system formed _________.
by the gravitational accretion of matter
As of Thursday, September 7, 2023, __________ 13 grew to become named Hurricane __________, and was predicted to bring heavy rain and dangerous storm surge to __________.
tropical storm; Lee; Nova Scotia.
_________waves travel only through solids; on reaching liquid or gas, the wave energy is reflected back into rock or is converted to another form.
S
Sedimentation (deposition following suspension in water) of sand, gravel, and mud in horizontal layers occurs according to the law of __________.
original horizontality
The sediment layer on the sea floor is _________ .
thinest near the volcanic ridges
In normal faulting, the hanging wall moves _________ relative to the footwall.
down
The transverse __________ waves apply shear forces to rocks in a direction perpendicular to their propagation direction.
love and S
The frequency of a wave is_________.
the number of waves passing a sensor per second
Can the same fault be classified as both a strike-slip and a transform fault?
yes
The supercontinent __________ is thought to have existed about 220 million years ago.
pangea
Recent work in Switzerland suggests that Swiss __________ will retreat completely by __________.
Glaciers , 2100
As of Thursday, Sept. 28, tropical storm Philippe struggled to organize itself around a central eye due to:
Strong wind shear high in the atmosphere
Which of the following does not improve a building’s resistance to earthquakes?
match its period to expected seismic waves
For every _________ times increase in seismic amplitude, the Richter magnitude value increases one integer.
10
A building foundation that slides or rolls with an earthquake uses _________ to reduce earthquake-induced damage.
base isolation
In general, tall buildings have a __________ resonant period.
longer
The seismic-gap method of earthquake forecasting works by identifying _________.
segments along the fault that have not moved in a long time
__________ is a rough volcanic landform.
aa
Decreasing the pressure on hot rock generates magma.
T/F
true
Rocks melts if _________.
pressure decrease, temp increase, water content increase
Pyroclastic debris is _________.
flying lava chunks and rocks
As a magma cools, which of these is the correct sequence of mineralization?
olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite mica, and quartz
quartz last ***
What shape describes the most important mineral building block made of Si and O2.
tetrahedron
