Final Flashcards by Brooke Glaser

intervention/change agent within a study

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Response or outcome related to the effect of the IV

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What is p-value?

probability; determine strength of measurements within studies

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Null hypothesis

accepted when the hypothesis is rejected

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T-test

form of measurement used in research and outcome measures for comparing 2 means

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What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative?

Qualitative: objective; numbers
Quantitative: based on experience; subjective

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Hawthorne effect

changing oneself for the study

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PICO

Population
Intervention
Comparison
Outcome

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Type I error

false-positive

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Type II error

false-negative

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4 scales of measurement

nominal, ordinal, interval, and ration

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What is EBP?

based on client preference, personal knowledge, and research

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Confounding factor

anything that can inhibit or disrupt the study

comorbidities

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RCT

involves sample size randomly being placed in an experimental and control group

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How many levels of evidence/

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What level of evidence is a systematic review?

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Demonstrated when there is clinical improvement from the treatment in the real-world context

treatment effectiveness

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Compares 2+ conditions to determine a cause and relationship and allows the researcher to draw conclusions about observed differences

experimental research

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Regarding standard deviation, if you have a highly homogenous distribution of participant scores you will likely have a…

small standard deviation

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An OT is attempting to determine the treatment efficacy for a previously developed method of intervention for spastic dysarthria. To determine an accurate measure of treatment efficacy, he should research…

META-ANALYSIS AND SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS Meta-analyses and systematic reviews that synthesize the results of multiple RCTs or experiments are the highest form of evidence.

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Occurs if a first treatment condition affected participant performance on a second treatment condition.

carryover effect

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Occurs if a research participant’s performance in a study was influenced by their awareness of being in research study.

hawthorne effect

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A potential change in data that occurs sometimes from the beginning to the end of an experiment. These changes can arise due to factors such as participant fatigue or familiarity with assessment and/or intervention materials.

order effect

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Clinical decision based on research evidence, clinical expertise, patient values and preferences, and clinical circumstances.

EBP

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___ section of a research paper- should include a study design, criteria for selecting participants, how she selected her participants, description and number of participants, measurement techniques, data collection techniques, and data analysis procedures.

methods

___ section of a research paper- should include a narrative description of statistical outcomes, tables and figures that summarize findings, and statements that support or reject the hypothesis.

results

To establish the measure as having good reliability, it should have...

High reliability coefficient and a low standard of error

If a researcher is analyzing data collected during his research study and has found that p<.05, he may decide to reject the...

null hypothesis

Refers to how well a test detects a condition that is actually present.

test sensitivity

In ___ procedures there is a normal distribution of data.

parametric statistical

Any factor that is NOT directly related to the purpose of the study but may affect the dependent variable. When these factors are not controlled, they exert a confounding influence on the independent variable, that is they contaminate the independent variable in such a way that their separate effects are obscured.

Extraneous Variable/Confounding factor

Study with adhesive capsulitis, patient was taking pain meds and did NOT disclose this. This is an example of a(n)

Extraneous Variable/Confounding factor

Statistical procedure appropriate for comparison of three or more treatment groups or conditions, or the simultaneous manipulation of 2 or more independent variables

ANOVA

ANOVA is the best measure to use when utilizing.

Simultaneous Comparison of several means

Refers to how well the measure reflects a theoretical construct of the characteristic of interest.

construct validity

Refers to how well the test items measure the characteristics or behaviors of interest.

content validity

Refers to test stimuli, methods, or procedures reflecting the assumptions that all populations have the same life experiences and have learned similar concepts and vocabulary.

content bias

A parametric test for comparing 2 means (for example this test is used when there is a single dependent variable, but a comparison between groups)

t-test

Best means of analysis to use when you have a study of a new treatment technique but have 2 groups – one participating for 30 minutes a day and one group participating for 60 minutes a day. This is an example of...

t-test

The Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative and is dedicated to promoting the public’s trust in the research enterprise.

CITI

Three categories of qualitative research:

Experimental Descriptive Mixed Experimental-Descriptive research

The average amount that all scores in the distribution deviate from the mean. A small standard deviation indicates more homogeneity.

standard deviation

In ___ procedures there is a normal distribution of data

parametric

In ___ procedures- there is not a normal distribution of data

nonparametric

The ___ just means the probability of the findings. For example, if the value is p<.05, that means the probability of that finding being true is 95% and the probability of the finding being false is 5%. And if we say that p<.01 that just means the probability of the findings being true are 99% and only 1% chance of the findings being incorrect. That is a very brief explanation of statistical findings.

p-value

A ___ is the “gold standard” of true experimental designs. This type of design is considered the most rigorous.

RCT

The Independent Variable __ be manipulated.

can

___ is a perspective to explore and understand human behavior.

Qualitative research

Three measures of central tendency

Mean, Median, Mode

Main sections of a research article:

Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

___ section of a research paper- should include a narrative description of statistical outcomes, tables and figures that summarize statistical findings, and statements that support or reject the hypothesis.

results

p<.05 means the null hypothesis is ___

rejected

A parametric test for comparing two means is a...

t-test

The ___ is a statement of the expected relationship between variables.

hypothesis

The ___ is a tool, assessment, or instrument used to test and see if the dependent variable was affected or changed by the independent variable.

outcome measure

How consistent one researcher is when making the same measurement more than once.

intrarater

Error – such as equipment needing to be calibrated.

systematic

Error- such as equipment malfunction

unsystematic

A disparity between the language or dialect used by the examiner, the child, and/or the language or dialect expected in the child’s response.

linguistic bias

Refers to how well the measure reflects a theoretical construct of the characteristic of interest.

construct validity

The ability of an assessment to produce results that agree with or predict a known criterion assessment.

ANCOVA

Refers to how well the measure correlates with an outside criterion.

criterion validity

Estimates can help the OT to understand the practical significance of data in a research study. Rather than reflecting whether the null hypothesis is false, the effect size estimates the degree to which it is false.

effect size